1 362 сообщения в этой теме

Jeffrey H. Mass. The Emergence of the Kamakura Bakufu // Medieval Japan: Essays in Institutional History. 1974

izobrazhenie_2022-04-22_152802232.png.14

Автор опять указывает, что в своей изначальной сути восстание Минамото в Канто - скорее локальный сепаратизм, чем претензия на верховную власть в стране.

Плюс - сходные смуты "по примеру старших товарищей" начали бахать и по другим окраинам.

izobrazhenie_2022-04-22_153040997.png.ec

Опять же - т.н. "система воинского правления", со всеми этими сюго и дзито, в немалой степени была "системой власти провинциальной знати Канто".

izobrazhenie_2022-04-22_153825988.png.15

izobrazhenie_2022-04-22_153941365.png.8d

izobrazhenie_2022-04-22_154038641.png.11

 

Jito land possession in the thirteenth century: the case of Shitaji Chubun.

izobrazhenie_2022-04-22_202727252.png.f4

Опять к теме "кто такие буси". Чиновники на государственных землях и управители с сёэнах, которые умели владеть оружием и часто имели воинские свиты того или иного размера. 

izobrazhenie_2022-04-22_203250471.png.81

izobrazhenie_2022-04-22_203317446.png.9f

 

David L. Davis. Ikki in late medieval Japan

izobrazhenie_2022-04-22_205751356.png.6d

Поделиться сообщением


Ссылка на сообщение
Поделиться на других сайтах

Вот к этому вот.

На днях на "архивах" сканы выложили - The documents of Iriki, illustrative of the development of the feudal institutions of Japan. Тут

Там, кроме прочего, дан обзор - откуда сёэн Симадзу взялся и кто эти Симадзу вообще.

Дополнительно - Adriana Boscaro. 101 letters of Hideyoshi. The private correspondence of Toyotomi Hideyoshi // Monumenta Nipponica monographs №54. 1975 Тут

Пачка других томов Monumenta Nipponica monographs - тут 

Paul Varley. The Onin War: History of Its Origins and Background. 1967 Тут

izobrazhenie_2022-07-07_080027274.thumb.

Это хорошая политическая история бакуфу Муромати с конца 14 и до войны Онин включительно. Не военная. Из "Онин-ки" переведено мало, военные действия выкинуты почти полностью. Насколько понимаю - числовые данные в "Онин-ки" баснословны, конные буси шляются мелкими группами в десятки тысяч всадников. Некоторое количество занятных тактических зарисовок в хронике есть (не в этой книге), но именно что горстка...

Еще занятный момент. Автор пишет, что Асикага Ёсимицу не только выстраиванием отношений с Китаем занялся (с признанием сюзеренитета и инвеститурой), он еще и властный дуализм сёгун+император хотел устранить, через породнение с императорской фамилией. Тогда его сын был бы главой бакуфу, императором и вассалом великой Мин. Было бы интересно поглядеть на результаты, проживи он лет на 20 больше.

P.S. Это не только его касается. Как повернулась бы династийная история Японии, если бы Иэясу помер бы году в 1590-м. Или Хидэёси в 1608-м, к примеру.

 

Minoru Shinoda. The founding of the Kamakura shogunate, 1180-1185. 1960 Тут

Jeffrey P. Mass. Antiquity and anachronism in Japanese history. 1992 Тут

zagruzheno.png.ab654f9e830d5a8ee342dfd0c

joxi_screenshot_1658000645585.png.8dd9ec

 

The Bakufu in Japanese History. 1985

Warfare in Japan. Edited by Harald Kleinschmidt. 2007 Тут

W.R. Wilson. The Sea Battle of Dannoura // American Neptune №28 (1968), pp. 206-22. Тут

Поделиться сообщением


Ссылка на сообщение
Поделиться на других сайтах

Lessons from History. The Tokushi Yoron by Arai Hakuseki. 1982 Тут

1391-й год. Формально - Ямана против Асикага, но есть нюанс.

Цитата

Ujikiyo petitioned the southern emperor [Go-Kameyama] for a commission to attack Kyoto [Meitoku War]. He was granted the right to carry the imperial standard of the Southern Court. Yoshimitsu summoned Ujikiyo, but he presented a letter protesting his innocence. On the twenty-third day of the twelfth month Ku’nai-no-Shö Yamana Ujifuyu left Kyöto, and on the twenty-fourth day Yoshimitsu summoned Yamana Yoshimasa, but he did not obey. Ujikiyo took up his position at Mount Yawatayama. Yoshimitsu summoned his commanders. On the twenty-ninth day Ujikiyo arrived at Yodo and Mitsuyuki took up his position at Taninodö. On the last day of the month Ujikiyo and Mitsuyuki forced their way into Kyöto but were defeated and Ujikiyo was killed in the battle (at the age of forty-eight). Mitsuyuki and Ujikiyo’s sons Sama-no-Suke Tokikiyo and Mimbu-no-Shö Mitsuuji were defeated and fled. Of Yamana’s soldiers, 879 were slain; on the side of the defenders, 160 died.

Цитата

On the fourth day of the first month of the third year of Meitoku (the ninth of Genchü [1392]) the Yamana fiefs were given as rewards to those who had performed meritoriously at this time. Yamashiro Province was given to Hatakeyama Motokuni, Tamba Province to Hosokawa Yoriyuki, Tango Province to Isshiki Mitsunori, Mimasaka Province to Akamatsu Yoshinori, Izumi and Kii provinces to Ouchi Yoshihiro, Izumo and Oki provinces to Sasaki Takanori, Tajima Province to Yamana Tokihiro, Höki Province to Yamana Ujiyuki, and Imatominoshö in Wakasa Province to Isshiki Akinori.

 

1399-й год. Оути против Асикага.

Цитата

In the winter of the sixth year [1399] Chichi’s rebellion occurred. On the thirteenth day of the tenth month Sakyö-no-Daibu öuchi Yoshihiro arrived at Sakai in Izumi Province, and from there he sent Hirai Shinzaemon on ahead as envoy to convey greetings to the shogun, Ouchi had a reputation for treachery, and although the shogun ordered “Iyo-Högen”, priest-official at the Shoren’in Temple, to summon him, he made some excuse and did not come, Ouchi called together forces from Izumi and Kii provinces, and from Tsukushi and the Chügoku region to his castle at Sakai. Kusunoki Masahide (Tarozaemon, who was Sama-no-Kami Masanori’s elder son) hastened to his support with more than a hundred mounted warriors, [the remnants] of the army of the southern emperor. Hizen-no-Kami Kikuchi Taketomo also sailed into Sakai Harbour. In Owari Province Ku’nai-no-Shö Toki Akinao, Suö-no-Kami Ikeda Akimasa, and Yamana Mitsuuji, the [second] son of the late Mutsu-no-Kami [Ujikiyo], were also reported to be in league with Ouchi [Yoshihiro]. Although Yoshimitsu sent Oshö Zekkai [Chüshin] to placate Yoshihiro, he would not obey. On the eighth day of the eleventh month Yoshimitsu arrived at the Töji Temple. On the fourteenth day he advanced to Yawata, and a total of thirty thousand warriors, including the troops of the Kanryö Hatakeyama Motokuni, Shiba, Hosokawa, the Yamana brothers, Kyögoku, Akamatsu, Kira, Ishidö, Yoshimi, Shibukawa, Isshiki, Imagawa, Toki, Sasaki, Takeda, Ogasawara, Togashi, Köno, and [Kitabatake], the provincial governor of Ise, marched on Izumi Province. 

At the hour of the Hare [6 a.m.] on the twenty-ninth day the battle commenced, and by midnight the strength of each side was exhausted, so they both retired. At this time Sashöshö Kitabatake Mitsuyasu was killed in battle. Toki Akinao and Ikeda Akimasa set out from Owari Province and arrived in Mino Province. Defeated by Mino-no-Kami Toki Yorimasu, they took refuge in Nagamori Castle. Yamana Mitsuuji set out from Hattanoshö in Tamba (on the seventh day of the twelfth month) and engaged the shogunate army. On the twenty-eighth day of the twelfth month the castle at Sakai was attacked with fire on all sides. Yoshihiro was killed by Owari-no-Kami Hatakeyama Mitsuie. Kikuchi was also defeated and fled to Kyushu, and Kusunoki too was defeated. Yoshihiro’s son Shinsuke Mochimori surrendered. From this time, Hatakeyama Motokuni held Kawachi and Kii provinces, and Hosokawa was given Settsu and Izumi provinces.

izobrazhenie_2022-07-12_000429791.thumb.

С одной стороны видно, что Хакусэки пользовался источниками. С другой - ... 

Число "тридцать тысяч" может быть просто не верным. Может быть указано не количество воинов, а количество "людей". Тех же землекопов и носильщиков. Теперь заходим с другой стороны - присутствуют отряды от целого стада самых могущественных сюго-дайме. Если при этом один сёгун выставляет десятую часть собранной армии - это мало?

Цитата

On the fifteenth day of the eighth month [of the first year of Engen, 1336] Kömyö was elevated to the northern throne (at the age of sixteen). On the tenth day of the tenth month the Emperor Go-Daigo returned to Kyöto. ... On the morning of the ninth, when Go-Daigo was on the point of leaving Hieizan Temple in secret, Mino-no-Kami Horiguchi Sadamitsu [a member of the Nitta clan] arrived in haste and deplored the step the emperor was about to take, reminding him, that 163 members of the family and 7,600 of their retainers had fought with Takauji and sacrificed their lives for [Go-Daigo’s] sake.

А в 1416-м опять

Цитата

He engaged the enemy, but forces from the provinces hastened up as reinforcements for Ujinori’s side to the number of 110,000.

1441-й год. Война Камакура-фу с центральных правительством.

Цитата

Yüki [Ujitomo], too, had surrendered on the sixteenth day of the previous, fourth, month, and Ujitomo and his son Mochitomo committed suicide, and with them their troops numbering several thousands were all slain

Когда Акамацу Мицусукэ зарубил сёгуна Асикага Ёсинори в том же 1441-м - с ним было три сотни воинов.

Цитата

Mitsusuke in anger placed three hundred men including Atsumi, Nakamura, and Urakami in hiding. Yoshinori arrived at the hour of the Hare [6 a.m.]. ... So Mitsusuke and his sons and three-hundred-odd warriors set out for their seat at Nakanoshima in Settsu Province, and here they buried the shogun's head at the Süzenji Temple.

Логично, что это было не все его войско, но и сюго-дайме не из последних. При этом с оценкой потенциала все было сложно еще и потому, что жестких служебных обязательств, которые бы охватывали всю территорию сюго-дайме, просто не было. Сюго-дайме сам не мог заранее знать - сколько он сможет поднять воинов против того или иного своего противника (восставший родственник или не-родственник, другой сюго-дайме или сам сёгун). Для сравнения

 

 

Цитата

[The Nanchö-kiden says:] “In the spring of the second year [of Eikyö, 1430] all the forces of the Southern Court in the provinces of Izumi, Kawachi, and Kii surrendered. ...

 

Война Онин.

Цитата

Therefore Yoshikado took counsel with his father-in-law, Yamana Sôzen, and Sozen immediately called up troops from his domains. Yoshikado also summoned the forces of Owari, Echizen, and Tötömi provinces and fortified himself in his mansion, building guard-towers and erecting breastworks of shields. The daimyos also summoned their troops from their provinces to Kyoto, and within the city there was complete confusion. 

Цитата

On the Hosokawa side were the forces of about twenty-two provinces, in all 160,000-odd men ... On the Yamana side were the forces of about twenty-seven provinces totalling 116,000 men: ... Thus from the sixth month on, the fighting continued every day. And everywhere within and without Kyöto was the devastation wrought by fire and sword.

=/

Цитата

From the first to the third month of the second year [of Önin, 1468], the armies of Hosokawa and Yamana fought in Kyoto, and their adherents fought one another in the provinces. ... In the fourth year [1472] there was continuous fighting in Kyoto. ... On the nineteenth day of the third month of the fifth year [1473] Uemon-no-Kami Yamana Mochitoyo Nyüdo Sözen died (aged seventy). On the eleventh day of the fifth month Ukyö-no-Daibu Hosokawa Katsumoto died (aged forty-four). From the first year of Onin [1467] until this year, in seven years of battles, the victory had not yet been decided and both commanders had died of illness. However, their surviving supporters continued the battle in Kyoto. ... From Onin [1467] until this year, the war had continued for eleven years. Then the daimyos went back to their provinces and made war on their neighbours, and the shogun’s power declined.

 

Поделиться сообщением


Ссылка на сообщение
Поделиться на других сайтах

Samurai and the Warrior Culture of Japan 471-1877: A Sourcebook. Edited and Translated, with an Introduction, by Thomas Donald Conlan. 2022

Хрестоматия "звезд с неба не хватает", мягко говоря. Но некоторое количество полезных переводов (большей частью - из материалов к собственным ранее вышедшим книгам) тут есть.

 

Selection from the Inryōken Nichiroku Concerning Guns

Цитата

Inryōken nichiroku 蔭涼軒日録 (Daily Record of the Inryōken), a journal kept by Kikei Shinzui (1401–1469), a Zen priest who occupied the office of Inryōken (scribe or secretary) at the Rokuon'in of Shōkokuji

Цитата

This diary entry was written by Kikei Shinzui, a monk at the sub-temple Inryōken, part of Rokuōnin, which was a temple in the Shōkokuji Zen monastic complex. Kikei was a close adviser to, and representative of, the Shōgun Ashikaga Yoshimasa.

Цитата

Twenty eighth day ... Ryūkyū officials arrived. After bowing three times, they left. Suddenly they provided us with souvenirs29. In an area outside of our main gate (sōmon) they fired a gun (teppō ichiryō hanasu). All the people who heard the sound were astonished. The king of their land is an old man30, but he sends many gifts and letters. We, too, send letters and are on good terms. The king is most thoughtful (ninjō no tsune). Someone with such fidelity is rare [nearby] but even rarer is some-one like this, who comes from a distant land, thousands or tens of thousands of leagues (li) away.

Цитата

29. Literally, hōbutsu, or objects from their locality.

Цитата

30. This statement is curious, as the commonly accepted King of the Ryukyu kingdom in 1466 was Shō Toku (1441–69), the last of the first Shō Dynasty, who was born in 1441. Most likely he is confused with his father, Shō Taikyū (1415–60), although the emissary could also be another Okinawan lord. Shō Toku led a campaign against Kikai Island in 1466 and was posthumously remembered, being the last of his line, as being cruel.

 

Observations from Hekizan Nichiroku

Цитата

In the following passages, drawn from his diary for the year 1468 (Ōnin 2), the Zen monk Unsen Taikyoku describes the importance of defensive tactics in the aftermath of the stalemate at Hosshōji.

Цитата

Eastern Army ... trenches are deep and their earthworks imposing; such strong defenses have never been seen, nor imagined before. A craftsman from Izumi Province came to their encampment and built a contraption (hasseki boku), which tosses stones and unleashes limitless destruction where it hits. It is called a . It is said that Li Mi of the Tang used such a such a contraption (kihasseki) to attack enemy castles ... Tsao Tsao of the Wei fired such stones to destroy chariots ... and in the military manual of Fan Li of Yue, rocks weighing 16 pounds (12 kin) were shot 250 yards (300 ho). The Izumi Province craftsman knows weapons (heiki) very well, but this is not new. 

Цитата

To the southeast of Rokuonin there is a military tower. It is 109 feet (10 ) tall, they say. It is just about as tall as the Shōkokuji pagoda. A myriad of small watch towers, high earthworks, and deep moats fully covered (shūsō jūjū) the region; the same holds true for enemy camps. Millions (okuman) of soldiers traversed this area. The encampments of Hosokawa Katsumoto, Hatakeyama Masanaga, Yamana Koretoyo, Akamatsu Masanori, and Takeda Kenshin were lined up and acting as support. Hosokawa Sanuki no kami Shigeyuki’s encampment was a linchpin of the defenses, and here at the Kushirōsō tower, it was well stocked with offensive weapons, including flying projectile fire spears (hihō hisō)39, which were also reportedly discharged from a besieged tower40. The open area in front of the fortifications consists of some ten acres41. In addition, the facing enemy camps of Yamana Sōzen, Hatakeyama Yoshihiro42, Tamadō43 Yoshikado, Isshiki Yoshinao, Toki Shigeyori, and Tatara44 Masahiro are set up the same.

Цитата

39. The meaning of this phrase is opaque. It could refer to a single weapon, or, perhaps, two; hihō could refer to stone catapults and to hisō, fire spears, which may be a reference to the early Okinawan guns mentioned in the Inryōken Nichiroku in 1466. Or this phrase may express a single weapon.

 

 

В Thomas Conlan. Instruments of Change: Organizational Technology and the Consolidation of Regional Power in Japan, 1333– 1600 // War and State Building in Medieval Japan. 2010

Цитата

Unsei Daigoku remarked, with remarkably little surprise or wonder, how on November 6, 1468, a hihō hisō, or literally a “flying projectile fire spear,” was discharged from a besieged tower. Unsei Daigoku’s nonplussed reaction stemmed in part from the antiquity of such devices and (in contrast to contemporary catapults) from their unimposing nature. Explosive shells (teppō) had been known in Asia since the thirteenth century, when the Mongol invaders of Japan used primitive bombs, composed of ceramic projectiles filled with gunpowder, in tandem with rounded rocks to terrorize the Japa nese defenders. These bombs should not, however, be confused with later firearms. Chinese sources refer to a primitive gun, known as a “fire dragon spear” (hiryūsō) being created in 1355, and the oldest surviving specimens are thought to date from the 1370s. 

Цитата

Archaeological evidence from Akenajō and Katsurenjō, two Okinawan castles (gusuku), reveals that guns were used prior to the mid- fifteenth century. Defenders supplemented the weakest point in Akenajō’s defenses with a portal especially designed for use by snipers, placed low in its stone walls. Furthermore, stone, earthen-ware, and on occasion, iron bullets have been uncovered within the battle-ments of Katsurenjō, which was destroyed in 1458 and never rebuilt. Primitive firearms composed of three metal tubes welded together, known as fire arrows (hiya), were widely disseminated in Europe and Asia through-out the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries. Remarkably, some of these fifteenth-century hiya were fired as late as the early twentieth century, and they were reportedly capable of blasting projectiles for 200 yards. Most primitive firearms (hiya) discharged rounded stones, and intriguingly, data drawn from sixteenth- century military petitions reveals a sudden upswing in rock wounds, particularly in western Japan, which suggests the dissemination of the primitive firearms. Even though only a handful of cases where soldiers were wounded by rocks can be documented in the fourteenth century, rocks injured eighty-two men during the years 1524–1552, with over half (forty-four) occurring during the seventh month of 1552. The first documentary evidence describing wounds caused by firearms appears in Amano Okisada’s kassen chūmon of 11.27, 1527, where one man is listed as being “shot wounded” in the right foot. Documents submitted by Okisada six months earlier, on 5.13, 1527, refer to “arrow wounds” but refrain from the elocution of “shot wounded.” These suggestive sources can be corroborated with letters dating from 1569, which use the same verb (iru) to describe wounds infl icted by guns (teppō). The earliest documented example of a man being explicitly wounded by “firearms” occurs on 1.27, 1563, when Hara Rokurō, a retainer of Sugi Matsuchiyo, was shot near his left armpit by a “hand fire arrow,” or tebiya, by supporters of the Ōtomo in Northern Kyushu. Weapons known as as teppō can be first verifi ed on 11.13, 1563, when the Amako of Izumo province mauled the Kikkawa, wounding thirty- three by teppō, six by arrows, five by rocks, and one by a sword.

Тут можно просто отметить, что находки пуль или того, что полагают пулями, отмечены в 15-м веке для Окинавы, которая в указанное время явно не Япония. Надежные сведения о ранениях от огнестрельного оружия - 16 век. В общем - порох и пороховое оружие в Японии определенно знали задолго до португальцев, но говорить о сколько-то широком его распространении, похоже, не приходится.

 

Чтобы два раза не вставать. Adam Clulow. Unjust, Cruel and Barbarous Proceedings: Japanese Mercenaries and the Amboyna Incident of 1623 // Itinerario №31. 2007

Цитата

In addition to their ability to fill the depleted ranks of VOC armies, Japanese mercenaries possessed other qualities that appealed to Dutch officials. On average, a Japanese mercenary received 2.4 taels per month, or roughly 7.5 guilders, while a Dutch soldier of the same rank earned around 9 guilders. The Company was able to save additional money through the reduced transportation costs involved in ferrying recruits from Japan, rather than along the longer European route.

Economic benefits alone cannot explain the Company's sudden enthusiasm for Japanese soldiers. The Dutch, as indeed all Europeans who visited Japan, were struck by the ferocity of local soldiers. Once shipped to Southeast Asia, the Company's Japanese soldiers were equally impressive. The sixty-eight recruits hired by Brouwer in 1613 were pressed immediately into military service when fifty participated in the attack on Tidore, now part of eastern Indonesia. The campaign was a great success for the Japanese, vindicating the plan to employ large numbers of such mercenaries. One observer wrote that 'the Japanese soldiers show themselves as brave as our own [soldiers]. Their banner was first on the walls. Through their great boldness and fearlessness many were injured.'

Цитата

The Enckhuijsen, which sailed from Hirado on 28 February 1616, carried twenty-four long Japanese firearms (roers), forty-five swords and twelve spears. Fortuijn, which sailed on the same day with a contingent of Japanese mercenaries, also had in its hold forty Japanese firearms, eleven bows, three hundred pikes and forty spears. Not content with small arms, the VOC experimented

 

Adam Clulow. Amboina, 1623

Цитата

Of Specx’s fifty-nine new recruits, the most important was the captain or overhooft, Kusnokij Itsiemon (likely Kusunoki Ichizaemon), who was tasked with managing the Company’s new soldiers. In return, he was given a generous salary of eight taels (which was more than three times the standard pay for one of his charges), a generous advance of twenty-five taels, and the right to bring a servant, Rockoso, who was described in the contract as a jongen or “boy.”

Цитата

These included forty Japanese firearms (Jappanse roers), eleven Japanese bows, and forty-five Japanese spears of different lengths. The muskets were not cheap, costing a total of seventy-two taels, but they packed a powerful punch.

Цитата

Their [the Japanese] monthly salary is low and besides they can be maintained with a small cost of rice and salted fish. With the instructions that you gave me last time, we wanted to send three hundred men with this ship, but because more provisions would have to be brought, only 68 heads were shipped.

С ценой ружей в Японии не особо ясно. В Европе, насколько помню, типовая аркебуза стоила порядка 3 с небольшим гульденов, принадлежности к ней (ключ, пулелейка и далее списком) - еще примерно столько же. Тут цена эквивалентна примерно 5,5 гульденам. Если это "за ствол" - то определенно дорого. Если "с полным обвесом" - скорее наоборот. Но и "номенклатура обвеса" могла не совпадать ведь...

Поделиться сообщением


Ссылка на сообщение
Поделиться на других сайтах

Carol Richmond Tsang. War and faith: Ikkō ikki in late Muromachi Japan. 2007

Цитата

In the autumn of Tenshō 3 [1575], a Buddhist priest visited the military commander Oda Nobunaga during one of the latter’s campaigns of conquest. His temple had economic interests in the province Nobunaga had just absorbed, and the priest hoped to safeguard them by being on the spot. His diary of the stay mentions some of Nobunaga’s forces returning to camp after a “mountain hunt,” which usually referred to tracking wild boar, a common samurai pastime. This time they did not hunt wild boar or the like, however, and the priest noted a new definition of the term: “a mountain hunt means killing members of the ikki (league) and cutting off their noses to bring back as an indication of the number killed. Also, more than two hundred were taken alive and beheaded in the rice fields to the west of camp.”


The soldiers’ prey was human. In sixteenth-century Japan, rewards for warriors depended largely on the number and status of those they killed, and their commanders required proof. Noses sufficed as trophies from low-status enemies. In this case, the noses belonged to members of the Honganji branch of True Pure Land Buddhism (Jōdo Shinshū), whose leader, the Patriarch, relished the sect’s administrative, economic, and military independence, which Nobunaga sought to destroy.

Цитата

The followers that Honganji priests and Patriarchs attracted to the sect came primarily from families of lower status. An increase in trade and commercialization brought ordinary people into contact with religious organizations that offered them more support than the older Buddhist schools, which had joined the court and shogunate as centers of power. Amidism opened a way into Buddhism for less privileged members of society, especially because they needed less time or money to perform the rituals that Amidist sects required. The most important ritual consisted of chanting the nenbutsu, which could be done anywhere at any time.


Additionally, Pure Land and True Pure Land sects offered salvation to those whose daily lives prevented them from observing standard Buddhist prohibitions, like the one against taking life. This had posed a problem not only for warriors, but also for farmers, fishermen, and woodcutters, who killed animals and insects, sometimes inadvertently. Shinran’s teachings even allowed for a normal sexual life. Although mappō supposedly made it impossible for human beings to achieve enlightenment, Hōnen’s and Shinran’s teachings paradoxically opened the door for ever greater numbers of people to hope for salvation.


In spite of the common impression that Shinran’s and Honganji’s followers were mostly peasants, their earlier adherents were mostly lower-level warriors, artisans, and merchants. It is now thought that most of Shinran’s followers in the Kantō were not simple farmers but warriors, albeit non-elite ones (e.g., not shugo or shugo-dai). Outside the Kantō, core members of True Pure Land Buddhism were merchants, artisans, and workers, especially those in the timber, woodworking, mining, metal casting, and shipping industries, scholars believe. 

Занятно, этакий "буддийстский протестантизм".

Цитата

Amida’s promise took on additional importance after the middle of the eleventh century, when Buddhist priests calculated that the world had entered a historical phase called mappō (lit., the decline of the Buddhist law). Buddhism taught that history occurs in cycles called kalpa. Each kalpa begins with the birth of a new Buddha, which commences a phase in which Buddhist law flourishes, a kind of golden age. After the Buddha’s death, a new phase of the reflected law begins, during which it is still possible, but difficult, for people to follow the Buddha’s teachings and achieve enlightenment. After that phase comes mappō, the end of the law, which is characterized by disorder and natural disasters: famine, earthquakes, floods, wars, and so on. During mappō, human abilities degenerate such that no one can achieve enlightenment through his own efforts. Partly as a response to mappō, some priests sought other ways to approach religion and found Amida to provide hope. Hōnen taught that through worshipping only Amida, people could find salvation, that is, rebirth in Amida’s Pure Land. ... Shinran’s teachings came to differ from those of Hōnen in two ways that were to become central to the Honganji sect’s doctrinal and institutional development. ... Rather, members chanted the nenbutsu out of the gratitude called forth by Amida’s grace, and therefore even the chanting was a result of Amida’s power; in other words, of Amida.The only way to enter Amida’s paradise was to rely entirely on his power. Second, unlike Hōnen, Shinran believed there was no need
to follow the ascetic traditions of clerical life, such as maintaining celibacy.

Цитата

The third obstacle was posed by the older temples, such as Enryakuji in Kyoto and Kōfukuji in Nara, which viewed all the Amidist sects with suspicion. Although Hōnen, the founder of Pure Land Buddhism, and his disciple Shinran both began their religious careers at the Tendai monastery of Enryakuji, they ultimately found that temple inhospitable, even hostile, to their teachings.


Enryakuji characterized Hōnen and his followers as practitioners of the exclusive nenbutsu, “exclusive” being a derogatory term referring to relying not on a variety of religious practices but solely on Amida worship for salvation. The dismissal of all other non-Amidist practices implied that they were pointless, and even worse, it contradicted orthodox Buddhist teachings, which held that there were many paths to enlightenment. Thus, to the older schools the exclusive nenbutsu was more than misguided: it was heresy. At least, they had the basis for heresy charges, should they ever wish to bring them, which seemed to be whenever their own economic or political power was threatened by the new groups.


The first direct opposition to the Pure Land teaching came from Tendai monks at Enryakuji, who were initially satisfied after Hōnen instituted rules to minimize friction between his followers and others. Kōfukuji added its voice to the criticism of Hōnen’s teachings, and in 1207, some of his followers were executed by the imperial court. He and many of his followers, including Shinran, were exiled from the capital.

Можно есть мясо, можно отнимать жизнь, штудировать религиозные тексты - не более чем "упражнение для ума". Верь в милость Будды Амиды, только эта милость - единственное достаточное и необходимое условие быстрого достижения нирваны.

 

А это Нитирэн, они не амидаисты, но тоже занятная публика.

Цитата

Some of his followers even extended the concept of exclusivity, forbidding believers to have any interaction with non-members
at all and forming the so-called fuju fuse (do not receive, do not give) group of believers. 

А тут Кэннё объявляет против Нобунаги джихад.

Цитата

However, Kennyo did see the utility of strengthening the followers’ bonds with the sect. It has often been argued that he promised his followers that if they fought for the temple, after death they would be reborn in Amida’s Pure Land. The most dramatic evidence of this pledge is the banner that read: “Advance and be reborn in paradise. Retreat and fall immediately into hell.”

 

Насколько понимаю - в ходе смут 14-15 века большую часть храмовых земельных владений "поела плодожорка" в лице буси. Но на дела в границах храмовой ограды они особо не лезли. Автономия, зачастую - иммунитет от простого присутствия членов администрации на своей территории, свобода от налогов. Изначально-то это просто "мы не лезем в функционирование храма". Ну и обкладывать налогом мастеров или торговцев, которые обслуживали паломников - совсем как-то уже.

Цитата

Jinaichō temple towns followed a grid pattern, differentiating them from another kind of temple town, the monzenmachi (lit., town in front of a [temple] gate). Monzenmachi lined the streets leading to a temple or the paths along which religious festival processions moved. They evolved from the demands of pilgrims and festival spectators; by contrast, the jinaichō were constructed specifically to attract merchants.

Проблема в том, что на храмовых территориях к 16 веку местами разрослись настоящие города под юрисдикцией храма. С налоговыми привилегиями, иммунитетами, автономией от власти буси, правом убежища. Часто - с неплохими укреплениями.

Цитата

By the end of the sixteenth century, dues sent to Honganji temple from the temple towns amounted to the lion’s share of Honganji’s income. The towns’ significance in the history of ikkō ikki goes even further, however. Several ikkō ikki conflicts arose directly over issues of taxation and criminal jurisdiction in Honganji sect temples and jinaichō. As daimyo began to assert more control over their territory, they often summarily repudiated the towns’ exemptions. Such an action was behind the Mikawa ikkō ikki, a rebellion against Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542–1616) in 1563. Furthermore, most of the temple towns in the capital region provided crucial military - in addition to financial - support to Honganji during its contest with Nobunaga, which itself was sparked by Nobunaga’s demands infringing on Osaka’s rights. Although the prevailing image of ikkō ikki puts rural villagers at center stage, the merchants and artisans of the Honganji sect’s temple towns belong there as well.

 

Эпоха войны Онин.

Цитата

As Honganji members well knew, when a warrior received villagers’ help in battle, he commonly granted them a reduction in a tax called hanzei.

 

Цитата

In 1477, the Kōfukuji priest Jinson lamented in his diary that, “The nearby provinces like Echizen, Kaga, Ōmi, Mino, Owari, Tōtōmi, Mikawa, Hida, Noto, Yamato, and Kawachi neither obey the shogun’s orders nor send in any of the rents. Aside from [troubles in] those [provinces], there is fighting in Kii, Settsu, Etchū, and Izumi, and so they also do not send in the rents.” He noted further that even the provinces under the shogun’s direct rule disobeyed his orders; elsewhere, in the rare cases when a governor tried to obey, his deputies and those under him would not. He ruefully concluded that, “the country of Japan completely fails to respond to orders.” 

О положении владельцев сёэнов из столицы. 1479-й

Цитата

Two years later, the courtier Konoe Masaie reported that his family’s holdingsall [existed] in name and not in reality.”

 

С другой стороны - получается, что разные буддистские икки (амидаисты, Нитирэн и иже с ними) могли быть заметны, но вот последовательной политики по "взятию власти" не вели. Кага - скорее эксцесс. "Оно само так получилось". Разительная разница с образом действий большинства сэнгоку дайме.

Цитата

For the most part, aside from its involvement with Kaga, Honganji stayed away from politics and military activities for the rest of Shōnyo’s tenure and through much of Kennyo’s, contenting itself with its considerable gains. ... Although Shōnyo and his predecessors had at times involved themselves and their retainers in warfare, for several decades after 1536 he and his successor maintained the peace. They were able to distance themselves from the disruptions that periodically occupied members. In the disordered times of sengoku, however, such an interlude could not continue indefinitely.

Цитата

In its ascent to grandeur, it did not hurt that Honganji gained its own domain in Kaga. Historians disagree about when Honganji really began to rule Kaga with the Patriarch acting as shugo. The relevant documents are ambiguous and have been interpreted in ways that are mutually exclusive. Beginning in the 1530s, however, Honganji temple began to keep records of requests from estate owners and of warrior holdings that had been granted in Kaga, indications that it had taken over the direct administration of that province. The shogunate also evidently recognized Honganji as de facto governor of Kaga. At least, it ordered the temple to resolve questions of back rents and taxes. Whenever it started, by the 1530s Honganji, not ikki, ruled Kaga.

Цитата

For Osaka, as for the temples in Mikawa, the money itself mattered less than the repudiation of the town’s privileges, the beginning of losing its traditional independence.

 

Поделиться сообщением


Ссылка на сообщение
Поделиться на других сайтах

Riess L. History of the English Factory at Hirado // Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan. XXVI. 1898

izobrazhenie_2023-01-29_040244099.thumb.

izobrazhenie_2023-01-29_040518597.png.58

izobrazhenie_2023-01-29_040647991.thumb.

izobrazhenie_2023-01-29_040723013.thumb.

 

Занятно - тут самые дешевые ружья - 2,5 таэля, а через пару лет голландцы закупили партию меньше чем по 2 таэля за штуку.

Цитата

These included forty Japanese firearms (Jappanse roers), eleven Japanese bows, and forty-five Japanese spears of different lengths. The muskets were not cheap, costing a total of seventy-two taels, but they packed a powerful punch.

Луки, стрелы и пики по цене какие-то совсем нищенские на фоне клинкового и нагинат...

 

Месяц назад оцифровали History of Japan: Compiled from the Records of the English East India Company at the Instance of the Court of Directors, но традиционно - не тот том, который нужен. Первого все еще нет. =(

Что смог выковырять с гугло-бука. Закупки японского оружия для перепродажи в Сиам. Запись от 27 декабря 1617 года. Наименование, количество, общая сумма в таэлях

Цитата

Japan Armours best, 4 - 20

Japan Armours inferior, 2 - 5

Japan guns (or kalivers), 20 - 24 

Japan cattanas, 4 superior - 8

Japan cattanas, 20 second quality - 30

Japan cattanas, 2 inferior quality - 1,9

Japan cattanas, 1 with sheath mother of pearl - 1,3

Wacadashes little, 20 - 3

Wacadashes long, 20 - 8

Langanatts, 4 - 7,72

Long Pikes, 10 - 4

Pikes inlaid with mother of pearl, 10 - 12

Bows, 5 - 0,5

Arrows with heads, 100 - 1,4

В части курса - таэль серебра считался за 5 английских шиллингов или где-то 3,1 голландского гульдена. Получается, что тут англичане купили ружья вообще по 1,2 таэля (6 шиллингов или 3,7 гульдена за штуку). Лучшая броня шла за фунт с четвертью, второсортная - за половину этой суммы.

В части ружей - тут знать бы "состав поставки" (с принадлежностями или без), но вообще цены на ружья от европейских того же периода критически не отличаются. Доспех - примерный эквивалент массовой пехотной брони, которую в начале Тридцатилетней закупали сотнями и тысячами единиц разом.

Попадались пометки, что в Японии хорошая аркебуза стоила, в среднем, около 2 таэлей. В части цен - 2 таэля это 20 моммэ серебром. По "индексу гамбургера" - цена коку риса обычно болталась в районе 12-15 моммэ.

 

Records of the relations between Siam and foreign countries in the 17th century. 1615. 

izobrazhenie_2023-01-29_044154829.png.86

izobrazhenie_2023-01-29_044220454.png.83

 

P.S. Немного наркомании.

izobrazhenie_2023-01-29_045603165.thumb.

izobrazhenie_2023-01-29_045658502.thumb.

Поделиться сообщением


Ссылка на сообщение
Поделиться на других сайтах

Lewis James Bryant. Frontier contact between Chosŏn Korea and Tokugawa Japan. 2003

Пример вычисления рисового эквивалента.

izobrazhenie_2023-04-05_164547695.thumb.

izobrazhenie_2023-04-05_164715024.thumb.

Интересно, что в 1636-м и 1840-м пересчет был 1 коку ячменя = 0,8 коку риса, а в 1830-м 2 коку ячменя = 1 коку риса.

1 пользователю понравилось это

Поделиться сообщением


Ссылка на сообщение
Поделиться на других сайтах

Вот к этому.

Цитата

Тем временем, начало понемногу светать, и когда остался один только утренний туман, беглецы, посмотрев на края северных гор, решили, что видят бродячих воинов: человек пятьсот-шестьсот держали в руках щиты, готовясь отразить стрелы. Увидев это, все потеряли покой.

Цитата

去程に篠目漸明初て、朝霧僅に残れるに、北なる山を見渡せば、野伏共と覚て、五六百人が程、楯をつき鏃を支て待懸たり。

Нобуси.

Helen Craig McCullough. The Taiheiki. A Chronicle of Medieval Japan.

izobrazhenie_2023-04-30_222540337.thumb.

"Outlaws".

 

Цитата

Выслушав это, Накагири-но Яхати сказал: 


— Так себя ведут дурные типы! Возьмите же доспехи, которых вы так жаждете. 


Пока он говорил, шестеро молодых всадников, выстроившись в ряд, подъехали к другим шестерым всадникам, алчным бродячим воинам, и те, как пауки ткут свою паутину, рассыпались по четырем углам и восьми сторонам. Шестеро всадников разделились на шесть частей и преследовали беглецов на протяжении нескольких десятков кварталов. Но Якухати отнюдь не пал духом, он на скаку поравнялся с противником, который казался среди преследователей главным, и между крупами двух коней вместе с ним, перевернувшись вверх ногами, с шумом полетел в грязь рисового поля с обрыва высотой в четыре-пять дзё. 

izobrazhenie_2023-04-30_222850364.thumb.

Цитата

中吉弥八是を聞て、「悪ひ奴原が振舞哉。いでほしがる物具とらせん。」と云侭に、若党六騎馬の鼻を双べて懸たりけるに、慾心熾盛の野伏共、六騎の兵に被懸立て、蛛の子を散す如く、四角八方へぞ逃散ける。六騎の兵、六方へ分て、逃るを追事各数十町也。弥八余に長追したりける程に、野伏二十余人返合て、是を中に取篭る。然共弥八少もひるまず、其中の棟梁と見へたる敵に、馳並べてむずと組、馬二疋が間へどうど落て、四五丈許高き片岸の上より、上に成下に成ころびけるが、共に組も放れずして深田の中へころび落にけり。

数十町 - несколько десятков тё. В тё больше сотни ярдов - соответственно и "несколько тысяч ярдов". "Кварталов" нет.

И - да, у Горегляда таки есть выпавшее предложение.

1 пользователю понравилось это

Поделиться сообщением


Ссылка на сообщение
Поделиться на других сайтах

Thomas D. Conlan. Japan, 1200–1550 // The Cambridge History of War Volume 2: War and the Medieval World. 2020

Цитата

No documents survive pertaining to the conflict save for a few letters and rosters of the dead and wounded, which are reproduced in some versions of the Azuma kagami. These Kamakura rosters reveal that 339 men fought Go-Toba in the capital on 1221.6.13–15, with ninety-nine capturing or killing the enemy, ninety-eight perishing, and 142 suffering wounds. The 240 listed wounds and fatalities plausibly represent a casualty rate of 13 percent for an army of 1,800. Go-Toba’s defeated army suffered the death or capture of 181 men, which comprised slightly fewer than 10 percent of anarmy of 1,700 men. Capture and death were virtually synonymous, for fewer than ten men can be verified as being taken prisoner6.

Цитата

6 Ryo Susumu (comp.), Azuma kagami [The Mirror of the East], 5 vols. (Tokyo: Iwanami bunko, 1941), vol. 4, pp. 208–21 (1221.6.18). This does not appear in the version translated by McCullough.

William McCullough. The Azuma Kagami Account of the Shōokyū War // Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 23, No. 1/2 (1968)

Дальше у него опять его списки ранений от 14-16 века. От своей идеи, что они прямо отражают широту использования оружия, Конлан не отказался.

Поделиться сообщением


Ссылка на сообщение
Поделиться на других сайтах

А дичь Прасола с датами, похоже, нашла свое объяснение.

Paul Varley. Warriors of Japan as portrayed in the war tales. 1994

Цитата

The names of Japanese are given in the Japanese order, surnames followed by personal names. Thus Taira no Masakado is Masakado of the Taira family. Dates are based on the lunar calendar, which was used in premodern Japan, and are transcribed in the following manner: 1185:3:24 (the twenty-fourth day of the third month of 1185).

То самое - месяц и дата по японскому лунному календарю, а год - "около европейский". При этом европейский январский год (григорианский? юлианский?) с японским не совпадает ни по началу, ни по протяженности, он подбирается тупо по максимальному взаимному перекрытию. 

Какого же только говна не придумают вместо простого указания аутентичной даты с добавкой григорианской в скобочках. =(

Цитата

Yet this lofty reputation as a commander is based on a surprisingly brief career: a series of one-day battles fought over a period of about fifteen months during the Gempei War from the first month of 1184 until the third month of 1185. Chief among these battles were the destruction of Minamoto no Yoshinaka in 1184:1, the Battle of Ichinotani against the Ise Taira a few weeks later in 1184:2, and the battles of Yashima and Dannoura in the second and third months of 1185, which brought the annihilation of the Taira and the end of the war. Although Yoshitsune's battles spanned fifteen months, they were actually concentrated in two much shorter periods: two weeks in early 1184 (from the twenty-seventh of the first month through the seventh of the second month) and five weeks in 1185 (from the nineteenth of the second month through the twenty-fourth of the third month).

 

В части содержания... Дело сильно портит база. Автор, анализируя гунки, отталкивается от двух известных работ - Heavenly Warriors и Hired Swords. Больше, по ощущениям, первой, особенно когда нужно провести сравнение описания военных действий во время восстания Масакадо и времен более ранних (от Куфун до раннего Хэйан). Сам он, насколько вижу, тексты указанного периода не читал внимательно даже в переводах (а мог бы). 

Но Фаррис и Фридэй в разрезе именно военной истории - исследователи, в лучшем случае, посредственные... И вот на чудных историях про массы пеших японских арбалетчиков и "путь лука и коня - это потому, что из лука стреляли всадники" с "удобный для всадника легкий доспех из кожи вытеснил кольчуги" Варлей в своем анализе гунки и отталкивается. =(

Поделиться сообщением


Ссылка на сообщение
Поделиться на других сайтах

Dr. Felicia Bock. Engi-shiki: Procedures of the Engi Era. Translated with introduction and notes. 1970 Тут 延喜式

Osamu Shimizu. Nihon Montoku tenno jitsuroku. An annotated translation, with a survey of the early ninth century in Japan. 1951. 日本文徳天皇実録. Пятая из шести "Национальных историй". 六国史

JHTI. Japanese Historical Text Initiative Тут

Кое-что подновил тут - все помянутые работы доступны. На "архивах" и понятно где.

Поделиться сообщением


Ссылка на сообщение
Поделиться на других сайтах

Пожалуйста, войдите для комментирования

Вы сможете оставить комментарий после входа



Войти сейчас

  • Похожие публикации

    • Кирасиры, конные аркебузиры, карабины и прочие
      Автор: hoplit
      George Monck. Observations upon Military and Political Affairs. Издание 1796 года. Первое было в 1671-м, книга написана в 1644-6 гг.
      "Тот самый" Монк.

       
      Giorgio Basta. Il gouerno della caualleria leggiera. 1612.
      Giorgio Basta. Il mastro di campo. 1606.

       
      Sir James Turner. Pallas armata, Military essayes of the ancient Grecian, Roman, and modern art of war written in the years 1670 and 1671. 1683. Оглавление.
      Lodovico Melzo. Regole militari sopra il governo e servitio particolare della cavalleria. 1611
    • Психология допроса военнопленных
      Автор: Сергий
      Не буду давать никаких своих оценок.
      Сохраню для истории.
      Вот такая книга была издана в 2013 году Украинской военно-медицинской академией.
      Автор - этнический русский, уроженец Томска, "негражданин" Латвии (есть в Латвии такой документ в зеленой обложке - "паспорт негражданина") - Сыропятов Олег Геннадьевич
      доктор медицинских наук, профессор, врач-психиатр, психотерапевт высшей категории.
      1997 (сентябрь) по июнь 2016 года - профессор кафедры военной терапии (по курсам психиатрии и психотерапии) Военно-медицинского института Украинской военно-медицинской академии.
      О. Г. Сыропятов
      Психология допроса военнопленных
      2013
      книга доступна в сети (ссылку не прикрепляю)
      цитата:
      "Согласно определению пыток, существование цели является существенным для юридической квалификации. Другими словами, если нет конкретной цели, то такие действия трудно квалифицировать как пытки".

    • "Примитивная война".
      Автор: hoplit
      Небольшая подборка литературы по "примитивному" военному делу.
       
      - Prehistoric Warfare and Violence. Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. 2018
      - Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Stone Age Weaponry. Edited by Eric Delson, Eric J. Sargis. 2016
      - Л. Б. Вишняцкий. Вооруженное насилие в палеолите.
      - J. Christensen. Warfare in the European Neolithic.
      - Detlef Gronenborn. Climate Change and Socio-Political Crises: Some Cases from Neolithic Central Europe.
      - William A. Parkinson and Paul R. Duffy. Fortifications and Enclosures in European Prehistory: A Cross-Cultural Perspective.
      - Clare, L., Rohling, E.J., Weninger, B. and Hilpert, J. Warfare in Late Neolithic\Early Chalcolithic Pisidia, southwestern Turkey. Climate induced social unrest in the late 7th millennium calBC.
      - Першиц А.И., Семенов Ю.И., Шнирельман В.А. Война и мир в ранней истории человечества.
      - Алексеев А.Н., Жирков Э.К., Степанов А.Д., Шараборин А.К., Алексеева Л.Л. Погребение ымыяхтахского воина в местности Кёрдюген.
      -  José María Gómez, Miguel Verdú, Adela González-Megías & Marcos Méndez. The phylogenetic roots of human lethal violence // Nature 538, 233–237
      - Sticks, Stones, and Broken Bones: Neolithic Violence in a European Perspective. 2012
       
       
      - Иванчик А.И. Воины-псы. Мужские союзы и скифские вторжения в Переднюю Азию // Советская этнография, 1988, № 5
      - Иванчик А., Кулланда С.. Источниковедение дописьменной истории и ранние стадии социогенеза // Архаическое общество: узловые проблемы социологии развития. Сб. научных трудов. Вып. 1. М., 1991
      - Askold lvantchik. The Scythian ‘Rule Over Asia’: The Classıcal Tradition And the Historical Reality // Ancient Greeks West and East. 1999
      - А.Р. Чочиев. Очерки истории социальной культуры осетин. 1985 г.
      - Α.Κ. Нефёдкин. Тактика славян в VI в. (по свидетельствам ранневизантийских авторов).
      - Цыбикдоржиев Д.В. Мужской союз, дружина и гвардия у монголов: преемственность и конфликты.
      - Вдовченков E.B. Происхождение дружины и мужские союзы: сравнительно-исторический анализ и проблемы политогенеза в древних обществах.
      - Louise E. Sweet. Camel Raiding of North Arabian Bedouin: A Mechanism of Ecological Adaptation //  American Aiztlzropologist 67, 1965.
      - Peters E.L. Some Structural Aspects of the Feud among the Camel-Herding Bedouin of Cyrenaica // Africa: Journal of the International African Institute,  Vol. 37, No. 3 (Jul., 1967), pp. 261-282
       
       
      - Зуев А.С. О боевой тактике и военном менталитете коряков, чукчей и эскимосов.
      - Зуев А.С. Диалог культур на поле боя (о военном менталитете народов северо-востока Сибири в XVII–XVIII вв.).
      - О.А. Митько. Люди и оружие (воинская культура русских первопроходцев и коренного населения Сибири в эпоху позднего средневековья).
      - К.Г. Карачаров, Д. И. Ражев. Обычай скальпирования на севере Западной Сибири в Средние века.
      - Нефёдкин А.К. Военное дело чукчей (середина XVII—начало XX в.).
      - Зуев А.С. Русско-аборигенные отношения на крайнем Северо-Востоке Сибири во второй половине  XVII – первой четверти  XVIII  вв.
      - Антропова В.В. Вопросы военной организации и военного дела у народов крайнего Северо-Востока Сибири.
      - Головнев А.В. Говорящие культуры. Традиции самодийцев и угров.
      - Laufer В. Chinese Clay Figures. Pt. I. Prolegomena on the History of Defensive Armor // Field Museum of Natural History Publication 177. Anthropological Series. Vol. 13. Chicago. 1914. № 2. P. 73-315.
      - Нефедкин А.К. Защитное вооружение тунгусов в XVII – XVIII вв. [Tungus' armour] // Воинские традиции в археологическом контексте: от позднего латена до позднего средневековья / Составитель И. Г. Бурцев. Тула: Государственный военно-исторический и природный музей-заповедник «Куликово поле», 2014. С. 221-225.
      - Нефедкин А.К. Колесницы и нарты: к проблеме реконструкции тактики // Археология Евразийских степей. 2020
       
       
      - N. W. Simmonds. Archery in South East Asia s the Pacific.
      - Inez de Beauclair. Fightings and Weapons of the Yami of Botel Tobago.
      - Adria Holmes Katz. Corselets of Fiber: Robert Louis Stevenson's Gilbertese Armor.
      - Laura Lee Junker. Warrior burials and the nature of warfare in prehispanic Philippine chiefdoms..
      - Andrew P. Vayda. War in Ecological Perspective: Persistence, Change, and Adaptive Processes in Three Oceanian Societies. 1976
      - D. U. Urlich. The Introduction and Diffusion of Firearms in New Zealand 1800-1840..
      - Alphonse Riesenfeld. Rattan Cuirasses and Gourd Penis-Cases in New Guinea.
      - W. Lloyd Warner. Murngin Warfare.
      - E. W. Gudger. Helmets from Skins of the Porcupine-Fish.
      - K. R. Howe. Firearms and Indigenous Warfare: a Case Study.
      - Paul  D'Arcy. Firearms on Malaita, 1870-1900. 
      - William Churchill. Club Types of Nuclear Polynesia.
      - Henry Reynolds. Forgotten war. 2013
      - Henry Reynolds. The Other Side of the Frontier. Aboriginal Resistance to the European Invasion of Australia. 1981
      - John Connor. Australian Frontier Wars, 1788-1838. 2002
      -  Ronald M. Berndt. Warfare in the New Guinea Highlands.
      - Pamela J. Stewart and Andrew Strathern. Feasting on My Enemy: Images of Violence and Change in the New Guinea Highlands.
      - Thomas M. Kiefer. Modes of Social Action in Armed Combat: Affect, Tradition and Reason in Tausug Private Warfare // Man New Series, Vol. 5, No. 4 (Dec., 1970), pp. 586-596
      - Thomas M. Kiefer. Reciprocity and Revenge in the Philippines: Some Preliminary Remarks about the Tausug of Jolo // Philippine Sociological Review. Vol. 16, No. 3/4 (JULY-OCTOBER, 1968), pp. 124-131
      - Thomas M. Kiefer. Parrang Sabbil: Ritual suicide among the Tausug of Jolo // Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. Deel 129, 1ste Afl., ANTHROPOLOGICA XV (1973), pp. 108-123
      - Thomas M. Kiefer. Institutionalized Friendship and Warfare among the Tausug of Jolo // Ethnology. Vol. 7, No. 3 (Jul., 1968), pp. 225-244
      - Thomas M. Kiefer. Power, Politics and Guns in Jolo: The Influence of Modern Weapons on Tao-Sug Legal and Economic Institutions // Philippine Sociological Review. Vol. 15, No. 1/2, Proceedings of the Fifth Visayas-Mindanao Convention: Philippine Sociological Society May 1-2, 1967 (JANUARY-APRIL, 1967), pp. 21-29
      - Armando L. Tan. Shame, Reciprocity and Revenge: Some Reflections on the Ideological Basis of Tausug Conflict // Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. Vol. 9, No. 4 (December 1981), pp. 294-300.
      - Karl G. Heider, Robert Gardner. Gardens of War: Life and Death in the New Guinea Stone Age. 1968.
      - Karl G. Heider. Grand Valley Dani: Peaceful Warriors. 1979 Тут
      - Mervyn Meggitt. Bloodis Their Argument: Warfare among the Mae Enga Tribesmen of the New Guinea Highlands. 1977 Тут
      - Klaus-Friedrich Koch. War and peace in Jalémó: the management of conflict in highland New Guinea. 1974 Тут
      - P. D'Arcy. Maori and Muskets from a Pan-Polynesian Perspective // The New Zealand journal of history 34(1):117-132. April 2000. 
      - Andrew P. Vayda. Maoris and Muskets in New Zealand: Disruption of a War System // Political Science Quarterly. Vol. 85, No. 4 (Dec., 1970), pp. 560-584
      - D. U. Urlich. The Introduction and Diffusion of Firearms in New Zealand 1800–1840 // The Journal of the Polynesian Society. Vol. 79, No. 4 (DECEMBER 1970), pp. 399-41
      - Barry Craig. Material culture of the upper Sepik‪ // Journal de la Société des Océanistes 2018/1 (n° 146), pages 189 à 201
      - Paul B. Rosco. Warfare, Terrain, and Political Expansion // Human Ecology. Vol. 20, No. 1 (Mar., 1992), pp. 1-20
      - Anne-Marie Pétrequin and Pierre Pétrequin. Flèches de chasse, flèches de guerre: Le cas des Danis d'Irian Jaya (Indonésie) // Anne-Marie Pétrequin and Pierre Pétrequin. Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française. T. 87, No. 10/12, Spécial bilan de l'année de l'archéologie (1990), pp. 484-511
      - Warfare // Douglas L. Oliver. Ancient Tahitian Society. 1974
      - Bard Rydland Aaberge. Aboriginal Rainforest Shields of North Queensland [unpublished manuscript]. 2009
      - Leonard Y. Andaya. Nature of War and Peace among the Bugis–Makassar People // South East Asia Research. Volume 12, 2004 - Issue 1
      - Forts and Fortification in Wallacea: Archaeological and Ethnohistoric Investigations. Terra Australis. 2020
      - Roscoe, P. Social Signaling and the Organization of Small-Scale Society: The Case of Contact-Era New Guinea // Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 16(2), 69–116. (2009)
      - David M. Hayano. Marriage, Alliance and Warfare: the Tauna Awa of New Guinea. 1972
      - David M. Hayano. Marriage, alliance, and warfare: a view from the New Guinea Highlands // American Ethnologist. Vol. 1, No. 2 (May, 1974)
      - Paula Brown. Conflict in the New Guinea Highlands // The Journal of Conflict Resolution. Vol. 26, No. 3 (Sep., 1982)
      - Aaron Podolefsky. Contemporary Warfare in the New Guinea Highlands // Ethnology. Vol. 23, No. 2 (Apr., 1984)
      - Fredrik Barth. Tribes and Intertribal Relations in the Fly Headwaters // Oceania, Vol. XLI, No. 3, March, 1971
      - Bruce M. Knauft. Melanesian Warfare: A Theoretical History // Oceania. Vol. 60, No. 4, Special 60th Anniversary Issue (Jun., 1990)
       
       
      - Keith F. Otterbein. Higi Armed Combat.
      - Keith F. Otterbein. The Evolution of Zulu Warfare.
      - Myron J. Echenberg. Late nineteenth-century military technology in Upper Volta // The Journal of African History, 12, pp 241-254. 1971.
      - E. E. Evans-Pritchard. Zande Warfare // Anthropos, Bd. 52, H. 1./2. (1957), pp. 239-262
      - Julian Cobbing. The Evolution of Ndebele Amabutho // The Journal of African History. Vol. 15, No. 4 (1974), pp. 607-631
       
       
      - Elizabeth Arkush and Charles Stanish. Interpreting Conflict in the Ancient Andes: Implications for the Archaeology of Warfare.
      - Elizabeth Arkush. War, Chronology, and Causality in the Titicaca Basin.
      - R.B. Ferguson. Blood of the Leviathan: Western Contact and Warfare in Amazonia.
      - J. Lizot. Population, Resources and Warfare Among the Yanomami.
      - Bruce Albert. On Yanomami Warfare: Rejoinder.
      - R. Brian Ferguson. Game Wars? Ecology and Conflict in Amazonia. 
      - R. Brian Ferguson. Ecological Consequences of Amazonian Warfare.
      - Marvin Harris. Animal Capture and Yanomamo Warfare: Retrospect and New Evidence.
       
       
      - Lydia T. Black. Warriors of Kodiak: Military Traditions of Kodiak Islanders.
      - Herbert D. G. Maschner and Katherine L. Reedy-Maschner. Raid, Retreat, Defend (Repeat): The Archaeology and Ethnohistory of Warfare on the North Pacific Rim.
      - Bruce Graham Trigger. Trade and Tribal Warfare on the St. Lawrence in the Sixteenth Century.
      - T. M. Hamilton. The Eskimo Bow and the Asiatic Composite.
      - Owen K. Mason. The Contest between the Ipiutak, Old Bering Sea, and Birnirk Polities and the Origin of Whaling during the First Millennium A.D. along Bering Strait.
      - Caroline Funk. The Bow and Arrow War Days on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta of Alaska.
      - Herbert Maschner, Owen K Mason. The Bow and Arrow in Northern North America. 
      - Nathan S. Lowrey. An Ethnoarchaeological Inquiry into the Functional Relationship between Projectile Point and Armor Technologies of the Northwest Coast.
      - F. A. Golder. Primitive Warfare among the Natives of Western Alaska. 
      - Donald Mitchell. Predatory Warfare, Social Status, and the North Pacific Slave Trade. 
      - H. Kory Cooper and Gabriel J. Bowen. Metal Armor from St. Lawrence Island. 
      - Katherine L. Reedy-Maschner and Herbert D. G. Maschner. Marauding Middlemen: Western Expansion and Violent Conflict in the Subarctic.
      - Madonna L. Moss and Jon M. Erlandson. Forts, Refuge Rocks, and Defensive Sites: The Antiquity of Warfare along the North Pacific Coast of North America.
      - Owen K. Mason. Flight from the Bering Strait: Did Siberian Punuk/Thule Military Cadres Conquer Northwest Alaska?
      - Joan B. Townsend. Firearms against Native Arms: A Study in Comparative Efficiencies with an Alaskan Example. 
      - Jerry Melbye and Scott I. Fairgrieve. A Massacre and Possible Cannibalism in the Canadian Arctic: New Evidence from the Saunaktuk Site (NgTn-1).
      - McClelland A.V. The Evolution of Tlingit Daggers // Sharing Our Knowledge. The Tlingit and Their Coastal Neighbors. 2015
       
       
      - Фрэнк Секой. Военные навыки индейцев Великих Равнин.
      - Hoig, Stan. Tribal Wars of the Southern Plains.
      - D. E. Worcester. Spanish Horses among the Plains Tribes.
      - Daniel J. Gelo and Lawrence T. Jones III. Photographic Evidence for Southern Plains Armor.
      - Heinz W. Pyszczyk. Historic Period Metal Projectile Points and Arrows, Alberta, Canada: A Theory for Aboriginal Arrow Design on the Great Plains.
      - Waldo R. Wedel. Chain mail in plains archeology.
      - Mavis Greer and John Greer. Armored Horses in Northwestern Plains Rock Art.
      - James D. Keyser, Mavis Greer and John Greer. Arminto Petroglyphs: Rock Art Damage Assessment and Management Considerations in Central Wyoming.
      - Mavis Greer and John Greer. Armored
 Horses 
in 
the 
Musselshell
 Rock 
Art
 of Central
 Montana.
      - Thomas Frank Schilz and Donald E. Worcester. The Spread of Firearms among the Indian Tribes on the Northern Frontier of New Spain.
      - Стукалин Ю. Военное дело индейцев Дикого Запада. Энциклопедия.
      - James D. Keyser and Michael A. Klassen. Plains Indian rock art.
       
       
      - D. Bruce Dickson. The Yanomamo of the Mississippi Valley? Some Reflections on Larson (1972), Gibson (1974), and Mississippian Period Warfare in the Southeastern United States.
      - Steve A. Tomka. The Adoption of the Bow and Arrow: A Model Based on Experimental Performance Characteristics.
      - Wayne William Van Horne. The Warclub: Weapon and symbol in Southeastern Indian Societies.
      - Hutchings, W. Karl and Lorenz W. Brucher. Spearthrower performance: ethnographic and  experimental research.
      - Douglas J Kennett , Patricia M Lambert, John R Johnson, Brendan J Culleton. Sociopolitical Effects of Bow and Arrow Technology in Prehistoric Coastal California.
      - The Ethics of Anthropology and Amerindian Research Reporting on Environmental Degradation and Warfare. Editors Richard J. Chacon, Rubén G. Mendoza.
      - Walter Hough. Primitive American Armor. Тут, тут и тут.
      - George R. Milner. Nineteenth-Century Arrow Wounds and Perceptions of Prehistoric Warfare.
      - Patricia M. Lambert. The Archaeology of War: A North American Perspective.
      - David E. Jonesэ Native North American Armor, Shields, and Fortifications.
      - Laubin, Reginald. Laubin, Gladys. American Indian Archery.
      - Karl T. Steinen. Ambushes, Raids, and Palisades: Mississippian Warfare in the Interior Southeast.
      - Jon L. Gibson. Aboriginal Warfare in the Protohistoric Southeast: An Alternative Perspective. 
      - Barbara A. Purdy. Weapons, Strategies, and Tactics of the Europeans and the Indians in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Florida.
      - Charles Hudson. A Spanish-Coosa Alliance in Sixteenth-Century North Georgia.
      - Keith F. Otterbein. Why the Iroquois Won: An Analysis of Iroquois Military Tactics.
      - George R. Milner. Warfare in Prehistoric and Early Historic Eastern North America // Journal of Archaeological Research, Vol. 7, No. 2 (June 1999), pp. 105-151
      - George R. Milner, Eve Anderson and Virginia G. Smith. Warfare in Late Prehistoric West-Central Illinois // American Antiquity. Vol. 56, No. 4 (Oct., 1991), pp. 581-603
      - Daniel K. Richter. War and Culture: The Iroquois Experience. 
      - Jeffrey P. Blick. The Iroquois practice of genocidal warfare (1534‐1787).
      - Michael S. Nassaney and Kendra Pyle. The Adoption of the Bow and Arrow in Eastern North America: A View from Central Arkansas.
      - J. Ned Woodall. Mississippian Expansion on the Eastern Frontier: One Strategy in the North Carolina Piedmont.
      - Roger Carpenter. Making War More Lethal: Iroquois vs. Huron in the Great Lakes Region, 1609 to 1650.
      - Craig S. Keener. An Ethnohistorical Analysis of Iroquois Assault Tactics Used against Fortified Settlements of the Northeast in the Seventeenth Century.
      - Leroy V. Eid. A Kind of : Running Fight: Indian Battlefield Tactics in the Late Eighteenth Century.
      - Keith F. Otterbein. Huron vs. Iroquois: A Case Study in Inter-Tribal Warfare.
      - Jennifer Birch. Coalescence and Conflict in Iroquoian Ontario // Archaeological Review from Cambridge - 25.1 - 2010
      - William J. Hunt, Jr. Ethnicity and Firearms in the Upper Missouri Bison-Robe Trade: An Examination of Weapon Preference and Utilization at Fort Union Trading Post N.H.S., North Dakota.
      - Patrick M. Malone. Changing Military Technology Among the Indians of Southern New England, 1600-1677.
      - David H. Dye. War Paths, Peace Paths An Archaeology of Cooperation and Conflict in Native Eastern North America.
      - Wayne Van Horne. Warfare in Mississippian Chiefdoms.
      - Wayne E. Lee. The Military Revolution of Native North America: Firearms, Forts, and Polities // Empires and indigenes: intercultural alliance, imperial expansion, and warfare in the early modern world. Edited by Wayne E. Lee. 2011
      - Steven LeBlanc. Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest. 1999.
      - Keith F. Otterbein. A History of Research on Warfare in Anthropology // American Anthropologist. Vol. 101, No. 4 (Dec., 1999), pp. 794-805
      - Lee, Wayne. Fortify, Fight, or Flee: Tuscarora and Cherokee Defensive Warfare and Military Culture Adaptation // The Journal of Military History, Volume 68, Number 3, July 2004, pp. 713-770
      - Wayne E. Lee. Peace Chiefs and Blood Revenge: Patterns of Restraint in Native American Warfare, 1500-1800 // The Journal of Military History. Vol. 71, No. 3 (Jul., 2007), pp. 701-741
       
      - Weapons, Weaponry and Man: In Memoriam Vytautas Kazakevičius (Archaeologia Baltica, Vol. 8). 2007
      - The Horse and Man in European Antiquity: Worldview, Burial Rites, and Military and Everyday Life (Archaeologia Baltica, Vol. 11). 2009
      - The Taking and Displaying of Human Body Parts as Trophies by Amerindians. 2007
      - The Ethics of Anthropology and Amerindian Research. Reporting on Environmental Degradation and Warfare. 2012
      - Empires and Indigenes: Intercultural Alliance, Imperial Expansion, and Warfare in the Early Modern World. 2011
      - A. Gat. War in Human Civilization.
      - Keith F. Otterbein. Killing of Captured Enemies: A Cross‐cultural Study.
      - Azar Gat. The Causes and Origins of "Primitive Warfare": Reply to Ferguson.
      - Azar Gat. The Pattern of Fighting in Simple, Small-Scale, Prestate Societies.
      - Lawrence H. Keeley. War Before Civilization: the Myth of the Peaceful Savage.
      - Keith F. Otterbein. Warfare and Its Relationship to the Origins of Agriculture.
      - Jonathan Haas. Warfare and the Evolution of Culture.
      - М. Дэйви. Эволюция войн.
      - War in the Tribal Zone. Expanding States and Indigenous Warfare. Edited by R. Brian Ferguson and Neil L. Whitehead.
      - The Ending of Tribal Wars: Configurations and Processes of Pacification. 2021 Тут
      - I.J.N. Thorpe. Anthropology, Archaeology, and the Origin of Warfare.
      - Антропология насилия. Новосибирск. 2010.
      - Jean Guilaine and Jean Zammit. The origins of war: violence in prehistory. 2005. Французское издание было в 2001 году - le Sentier de la Guerre: Visages de la violence préhistorique.
      - Warfare in Bronze Age Society. 2018
      - Ian Armit. Headhunting and the Body in Iron Age Europe. 2012
      - The Cambridge World History of Violence. Vol. I-IV. 2020

    • Мусульманские армии Средних веков
      Автор: hoplit
      Maged S. A. Mikhail. Notes on the "Ahl al-Dīwān": The Arab-Egyptian Army of the Seventh through the Ninth Centuries C.E. // Journal of the American Oriental Society,  Vol. 128, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 2008), pp. 273-284
      David Ayalon. Studies on the Structure of the Mamluk Army // Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
      David Ayalon. Aspects of the Mamlūk Phenomenon // Journal of the History and Culture of the Middle East
      Bethany J. Walker. Militarization to Nomadization: The Middle and Late Islamic Periods // Near Eastern Archaeology,  Vol. 62, No. 4 (Dec., 1999), pp. 202-232
      David Ayalon. The Mamlūks of the Seljuks: Islam's Military Might at the Crossroads //  Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, Vol. 6, No. 3 (Nov., 1996), pp. 305-333
      David Ayalon. The Auxiliary Forces of the Mamluk Sultanate // Journal of the History and Culture of the Middle East. Volume 65, Issue 1 (Jan 1988)
      C. E. Bosworth. The Armies of the Ṣaffārids // Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London,  Vol. 31, No. 3 (1968), pp. 534-554
      C. E. Bosworth. Military Organisation under the Būyids of Persia and Iraq // Oriens,  Vol. 18/19 (1965/1966), pp. 143-167
      C. E. Bosworth. The Army // The Ghaznavids. 1963
      R. Stephen Humphreys. The Emergence of the Mamluk Army //  Studia Islamica,  No. 45 (1977), pp. 67-99
      R. Stephen Humphreys. The Emergence of the Mamluk Army (Conclusion) // Studia Islamica,  No. 46 (1977), pp. 147-182
      Nicolle, D. The military technology of classical Islam. PhD Doctor of Philosophy. University of Edinburgh. 1982
      Nicolle D. Fighting for the Faith: the many fronts of Crusade and Jihad, 1000-1500 AD. 2007
      Nicolle David. Cresting on Arrows from the Citadel of Damascus // Bulletin d’études orientales, 2017/1 (n° 65), p. 247-286.
      David Nicolle. The Zangid bridge of Ǧazīrat ibn ʿUmar (ʿAyn Dīwār/Cizre): a New Look at the carved panel of an armoured horseman // Bulletin d’études orientales, LXII. 2014
      David Nicolle. The Iconography of a Military Elite: Military Figures on an Early Thirteenth-Century Candlestick. В трех частях. 2014-19
      Nicolle, D. The impact of the European couched lance on Muslim military tradition // Warriors and their weapons around the time of the crusades: relationships between Byzantium, the West, and the Islamic world. 2002
      Patricia Crone. The ‘Abbāsid Abnā’ and Sāsānid Cavalrymen // Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 8 (1998)
      D.G. Tor. The Mamluks in the military of the pre-Seljuq Persianate dynasties // Iran,  Vol. 46 (2008), pp. 213-225 (!)
      D.G. Tor. Mamlūk Loyalty: Evidence from the Late Saljūq Period // Asiatische Studien 65,3. (2011)
      J. W. Jandora. Developments in Islamic Warfare: The Early Conquests // Studia Islamica,  No. 64 (1986), pp. 101-113
      John W. Jandora. The Battle of the Yarmuk: A Reconstruction // Journal of Asian History, 19 (1): 8–21. 1985
      Khalil ʿAthamina. Non-Arab Regiments and Private Militias during the Umayyād Period // Arabica, T. 45, Fasc. 3 (1998), pp. 347-378
      B.J. Beshir. Fatimid Military Organization // Der Islam. Volume 55, Issue 1, Pages 37–56
      Andrew C. S. Peacock. Nomadic Society and the Seljūq Campaigns in Caucasia // Iran & the Caucasus,  Vol. 9, No. 2 (2005), pp. 205-230
      Jere L. Bacharach. African Military Slaves in the Medieval Middle East: The Cases of Iraq (869-955) and Egypt (868-1171) //  International Journal of Middle East Studies,  Vol. 13, No. 4 (Nov., 1981), pp. 471-495
      Deborah Tor. Privatized Jihad and public order in the pre-Seljuq period: The role of the Mutatawwi‘a // Iranian Studies, 38:4, 555-573
      Гуринов Е.А. , Нечитайлов М.В. Фатимидская армия в крестовых походах 1096 - 1171 гг. // "Воин" (Новый) №10. 2010. Сс. 9-19
      Нечитайлов М.В. Мусульманское завоевание Испании. Армии мусульман // Крылов С.В., Нечитайлов М.В. Мусульманское завоевание Испании. Saarbrücken: LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2015.
      Нечитайлов М.В., Гуринов Е.А. Армия Саладина (1171-1193 гг.) (1) // Воин № 15. 2011. Сс. 13-25. И часть два.
      Нечитайлов М.В. "День скорби и испытаний". Саладо, 30 октября 1340 г. // Воин №17-18. В двух частях.
      Нечитайлов М.В., Шестаков Е.В. Андалусские армии: от Амиридов до Альморавидов (1009-1090 гг.) (1) // Воин №12. 2010. 
      Kennedy, H.N. The Military Revolution and the Early Islamic State // Noble ideals and bloody realities. Warfare in the middle ages. P. 197-208. 2006.
      Kennedy, H.N. Military pay and the economy of the early Islamic state // Historical research LXXV (2002), pp. 155–69.
      Kennedy, H.N. The Financing of the Military in the Early Islamic State // The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East. Vol. III, ed. A. Cameron (Princeton, Darwin 1995), pp. 361–78.
      H.A.R. Gibb. The Armies of Saladin // Studies on the Civilization of Islam. 1962
      David Neustadt. The Plague and Its Effects upon the Mamlûk Army // The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. No. 1 (Apr., 1946), pp. 67-73
      Ulrich Haarmann. The Sons of Mamluks as Fief-holders in Late Medieval Egypt // Land tenure and social transformation in the Middle East. 1984
      H. Rabie. The Size and Value of the Iqta in Egypt 564-741 A.H./l 169-1341 A.D. // Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East: from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day. 1970
      Yaacov Lev. Infantry in Muslim armies during the Crusades // Logistics of warfare in the Age of the Crusades. 2002. Pp. 185-208
      Yaacov Lev. Army, Regime, and Society in Fatimid Egypt, 358-487/968-1094 // International Journal of Middle East Studies. Vol. 19, No. 3 (Aug., 1987), pp. 337-365
      E. Landau-Tasseron. Features of the Pre-Conquest Muslim Army in the Time of Mu ̨ammad // The Byzantine and Early Islamic near East. Vol. III: States, Resources and Armies. 1995. Pp. 299-336
      Shihad al-Sarraf. Mamluk Furusiyah Literature and its Antecedents // Mamluk Studies Review. vol. 8/4 (2004): 141–200.
      Rabei G. Khamisy Baybarsʼ Strategy of War against the Franks // Journal of Medieval Military History. Volume XVI. 2018
      Manzano Moreno. El asentamiento y la organización de los yund-s sirios en al-Andalus // Al-Qantara: Revista de estudios arabes, vol. XIV, fasc. 2 (1993), p. 327-359
      Amitai, Reuven. Foot Soldiers, Militiamen and Volunteers in the Early Mamluk Army // Texts, Documents and Artifacts: Islamic Studies in Honour of D.S. Richards. Leiden: Brill, 2003
      Reuven Amitai. The Resolution of the Mongol-Mamluk War // Mongols, Turks, and others : Eurasian nomads and the sedentary world. 2005
      Juergen Paul. The State and the military: the Samanid case // Papers on hater Asia, 26. 1994
      Harold W. Glidden. A Note on Early Arabian Military Organization // Journal of the American Oriental Society,  Vol. 56, No. 1 (Mar., 1936)
      Athamina, Khalil. Some administrative, military and socio-political aspects of early Muslim Egypt // War and society in the eastern Mediterranean, 7th-15th centuries. 1997
      Vincent Lagardère. Esquisse de l'organisation militaire des Murabitun, à l'époque de Yusuf b. Tasfin, 430 H/1039 à 500 H/1106 // Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée. Année 1979.  №27 Тут
       
      Kennedy, Hugh. The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State Warfare and History. 2001
      Blankinship, Khalid Yahya. The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn Àbd Al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads. 1994.
      D.G. Tor. Violent Order: Religious Warfare, Chivalry, and the 'Ayyar Phenomenon in the Medieval Islamic World. 2007
      Michael Bonner. Aristocratic Violence and Holy War. Studies in the Jihad and the Arab-Byzantine Frontier. 1996
      Patricia Crone. Slaves on Horses. The Evolution of the Islamic Polity. 1980
      Hamblin W. J. The Fatimid Army During the Early Crusades. 1985
      Daniel Pipes. Slave Soldiers and Islam: The Genesis of a Military System. 1981
      Yaacov Lev. State and society in Fatimid Egypt. 1991 Тут
      Abbès Zouache. Armées et combats en Syrie de 491/ 1098 à 569/ 1174 : analyse comparée des chroniques médiévales latines et arabes. 2008 Тут
      War, technology and society in the Middle East. 1975 Тут
       
      P.S. Большую часть работ Николя в список вносить не стал - его и так все знают. Пишет хорошо, читать все. Часто пространные главы про армиям мусульманского Леванта есть в литературе по Крестовым походам. Хоть в R.C. Smail. Crusading Warfare 1097-1193, хоть в Steven Tibble. The Crusader Armies: 1099-1187 (!)...
    • Военная мысль конца 19 - начала 20 века.
      Автор: hoplit
      Военная мысль конца 19 - начала 20 века. 
      Статьи. Пехота.
      - Chad R. Gaudet. Baptisms of Fire: How Training, Equipment, and Ideas about the Nation Shaped the British, French, and German Soldiers' Experiences of War in 1914.. 2009.
      - Joseph C. Arnold. French Tactical Doctrine 1870-1914 // Military Affairs,  Vol. 42, No. 2 (Apr., 1978), pp. 61-67.
      - Steven Jackman. Shoulder to Shoulder: Close Control and “Old Prussian Drill” in German Offensive Infantry Tactics, 1871–1914 // The Journal of Military History, Volume 68, Number 1, January 2004, pp. 73-104.
      - Jonathan M. House. The Decisive Attack: A New Look at French Infantry Tactics on the Eve of World War I // Military Affairs,  Vol. 40, No. 4 (Dec., 1976), pp. 164-169.
      - Geoffrey Wawro. An "Army of Pigs": The Technical, Social, and Political Bases of Austrian Shock Tactics, 1859-
      1866 // The Journal of Military History,  Vol. 59, No. 3 (Jul., 1995), pp. 407-433.
      - T. H. E. Travers. The Offensive and the Problem of Innovation in British Military Thought 1870-1915 //  Journal of Contemporary History,  Vol. 13, No. 3 (Jul., 1978), pp. 531-553.
      - Spencer Jones, The Influence of the Boer War (1899–1902) on the Tactical Development of the Regular British Army 1902–1914. 2009.
      - John K. Mahon. Civil War Infantry Assault Tactics // Military Affairs,  Vol. 25, No. 2, Civil War Issue (Summer, 1961), pp. 57-68.
      - Thomas A. Bruno. Ignoring the Obvious: Combined Arms and Fire and Maneuver Tactics Prior to World War I. 2002.
      - О.Р. Кушнир. «Гуманные убийцы» (О взглядах начала XX века на поражающую способность винтовочных пуль) // Война и оружие. 2014.  Сс. 503-517.