hoplit

Мусульманские армии Средних веков

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Hugh Kennedy. The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century. 1986

Цитата

The fall of the Umayyads can be explained in many ways. At an ideological level, they failed because they could not offer the sort of leadership which many Muslims wanted. It used to be accepted that the Umayyads claimed only secular authority but recent work by Crone and Hinds has demonstrated that the Umayyad caliphs did claim a religious authority; the ruler was God’s Caliph and had the authority to make decisions about Islamic law and practice. However, there were many Muslims, especially in Iraq, who felt that charismatic, truly Islamic leadership was necessary to establish the rule of the Qur’an and Sunna. By the end of the Umayyad period it had become an article of faith among such people that only the Family of the Prophet could supply this authority.


There were also regional problems. From ‘Abd al-Malik’s reign onwards, Umayyad government had increasingly meant Syrian government. Despite attempts by ‘Umar II and others to broaden the base of the regime, the Muslims of Iraq were entirely excluded. This narrowness of support became even more pronounced with the Qaysc triumph under Marwan II; at the end even Syria and Palestine were conquered territories and Damascus had been replaced by Harran in the Jazcra as the Umayyad capital. This restricted nature of support for the regime was made more serious because neither Syria nor the Jazcra was as rich, or had such large Muslim populations as Iraq. In the second eighth century, the revenues from the alluvial areas of southern Iraq amounted to four times those from Egypt and almost five times the revenues from the whole of Syria and Palestine. Constant warfare had certainly drained the resources of manpower in Syria. The wars of Hisham’s reign against the Berbers and the internecine disputes which followed his death must have placed a considerable strain on the manpower of the Qaysc tribes who supported the last Umayyad. In addition, Marwan’s policies had spread disaffection, not just among elements traditionally hostile to the regime but among people who had previously been loyal servants, like the family of Khalid al-Qasrc and even members of the Umayyad house itself, like Hisham’s own son Sulayman. In these circumstances it is hardly surprising that the Umayyad state was swept away.


In the final judgement, however, it would be wrong to imagine that the fall of the dynasty was inevitable. The Umayyad regime had never been as strong as it had been under Hisham only a decade before the final collapse. It was only the failure of leadership and murderous conflicts which followed his death which led to disaster and even at the end Marwan’s Qaysc supporters could raise very formidable armies to oppose the ‘Abbasids.

 

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Hugh Kennedy. The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century. 1986

Цитата

The eastern frontiersmen of Khurasan defeated the men from the Byzantine frontier who supported Marwan but this did not automatically mean the triumph of the ‘Abbasid dynasty. The armies were directed by Abe Muslim and led by Khurasancs who had in many cases no direct contact with the ‘Abbasid family at all; none of the ‘Abbasids had participated in the long march across Iran and the fierce battles against the Umayyad armies of Nubata b. Hanzala and ‘Amir b. Dubara.

Цитата

The proclamation of al-Saffaq as caliph and his acceptance by the Khurasancs and the Kufans only marked the beginning of the establishment of the ‘Abbasids. A number of questions remained to be decided notably whether the ‘Abbasids were to be powerful sovereigns in the way that the Umayyads had been or simply symbolic rulers who would give legitimacy to Khurasanc military rule, and the nature of the relationship between the Khurasanc army and other elements in the Muslim community; in other words would the military dictatorship of the Qayscs simply be replaced by that of the Khurasancs. When al-Saffaq was acknowledged as caliph the answers to these questions were very uncertain and it would be hard to exaggerate the precariousness of the position of the new dynasty. That ‘Abbasid rule was established and accepted by most of the Muslim community was the achievement of the remarkable group of men who formed al-Saffaq’s immediate family and particularly of his own brother Abu Ja‘far, later the Caliph al-Mansur. Al-Saffaq himself only reigned for four years (132–6/749–54) but this period saw the establishment of ‘Abbasid power as it was to remain until after the death of Harun al-Rashid. The caliph himself is sometimes portrayed as a rather nondescript character, even a weakling, and Shaban has argued that he was chosen by the Khurasancs precisely because he was not likely to assert himself. But the historical record suggests a man who was at once cautious and determined and the establishment of the ‘Abbasids owed much to his low-key leadership in the early years.


The key to ‘Abbasid success was to leave eastern Iran in the hands of the Khurasaniyya (the men from Khurasan who had made up the ‘Abbasid army) and Abu Muslim, while establishing members of the ‘Abbasid family as commanders of armies and governors of provinces in Iraq, Syria, Egypt and the Arabian peninsula. As soon as al-Saffaq becamecaliph he sent his uncle ‘Abd Allah b. ‘Alc to lead the armies opposing Marwan on the river Zab, while his brother Abu Ja‘far went to take command of the army besieging the last Umayyad governor of Iraq, Yazcd b. ‘Umar b. Hubayra in Wasis. Both ‘Abd Allah and Abu Ja‘far thus acquired a following among the Khurasaniyya in the armies who came to associate their interests with those of their ‘Abbasid leaders. But both men also realized that to rely exclusively on the Khurasaniyya was a recipe for disaster, it would mean that they were little more than puppets in the hands of the military leaders and that they would incur the lasting hostility of all the other groups in the western half of the Islamic world. It would be, in fact, a denial of all the objectives of the revolution. Among the other groups they turned to were of course the Arabs of the Yamami party who had opposed Marwan II. The most famous of these were the Muhallabc family whose influence had survived the fall of Yazcd b. al-Muhallab from political power and who had attempted to take their home town of Basra for the ‘Abbasids at the time of the revolution. The family was now rewarded by governorships, in Basra itself and other areas, notably Ifrcqiya, and they enjoyed a new golden age of prosperity. Also rewarded was the family of another leading figure of the Yamami opposition, Hisham’s long-serving governor of the east, Khalid b. ‘Abd Allah al-Qasri, whose son Muqammad had brought over the town of Kefa to the ‘Abbasid cause and was now rewarded with government appointments, although his family never achieved the eminence of the Muhallabcs.


More striking is the efforts the early ‘Abbasids made to win over the leaders of the Qays. Abu Ja‘far seems to have attempted a compromise with the arch-Qaysc Yazid b. ‘Umar b. Hubayra, but was thwarted by Abu Muslim who instructed al-Saffaq to have Yazid executed. Both ‘Abd Allah and Abu Ja‘far did, however, win over many of the Qayscs of the Byzantine and Armenian frontier lands, notably Marwan’s righthand man in the area, Isqaq b. Muslim al-‘Uqaylc, who was to become part of al-Mansur’s inner circle of advisers. Another Qaysc family which survived to enjoy honour and power were the descendants of Qutayba b. Muslim, the conqueror of Bukhara and Samarqand, whose associations with the Umayyad cause did not prevent them being recruited to the ‘Abbasids. One group alone was excluded from this general reconciliation, the members of the Umayyad family itself. All the prominent Umayyads were hunted down and many of them executed by ‘Abd Allah b. ‘Alc when he took over Syria, only one, ‘Abd al-Raqman b. Mu‘awiya, a grandson of the Caliph Hisham, escaping to join supporters in Muslim Spain where he founded a long-lived and successful branch of the dynasty at the western end of the Islamic world.

 

С другой стороны - в конце 820-х частной армии Абу Ишака аль-Мутасима из 3-4 тысяч тюрок окажется достаточно, чтобы прогнуть халифат под себя... =/

Цитата

Al-Mu‘tasim was in many ways a new man himself; one of Harun’s younger sons, he had been given no place in the elaborate succession arrangements his father had worked out and he was only fifteen years old at the outbreak of the civil war. 

...

From 199/814–15 he began to buy slaves in Baghdad from their previous owners and to train them for military service, and both Itakh, a Khazar who had been a cook for his previous owner, and Ashinas were in his service before 202/817–18. He also entered into an arrangement with the Samanid family who controlled much of the Samarqand area and sent him slaves directly from Turkestan. The private army he built up probably only numbered 3,000–4,000 by the end of al-Ma’mun’s reign but they were well trained and disciplined and formed a formidable fighting force.

...

When in 213/828 ‘Abd Allah b. Tahir was appointed governor of Khurasan on the death of his brother
Talqa, al-Mu‘tasim took over all his responsibilities in Syria and Egypt, thus becoming one of the most powerful men in the caliphate. It was this military power, coupled with al-Mu‘tasim’s own forceful and determined personality which induced al-Ma’mun to set aside the claims of his own son al-‘Abbas and to adopt al-Mu‘tasim as his heir. When al-Ma’mun died in 218/833 during a campaign against the Byzantines, his brother was accepted as caliph, not without some murmurings of dissent from those who saw clearly what the new regime would bring.

The new order was based firmly on the army al-Mu‘tasim had built up.

 

В указанный период Багдад (ошметки абна) и Большой Хорасан контролировали Тахириды, одна из опор режима. Потеряют контроль над Хорасаном они как раз в период "Анархии в Самарре" и после нее.

Цитата

It is important to remember, too, that the Tahirids were as powerful in Baghdad as in Khurasan itself and it is probable that the revenues of Khurasan were used to maintain the family’s influence in that city. When ‘Abd Allah b. Tahir had left to take up his position in Khurasan in 213/828 he was succeeded in Baghdad by his cousin Isqaq b. Ibrahim who remained effective ruler of the city until his death over twenty years later in 235/850 after which he was followed by other members of the family. It was this Tahirid control which secured the loyalty of the Baghdadis to the caliphate, especially after al-Mu‘tarim had moved the capital to Samarra, and it was the Tahirids who suppressed the only real disturbance in the city during these years, the conspiracy of Aqmad b. Nasr al-Khuza‘i in 231/846. One of the main reasons for the civil war had been the desire of the abna under ‘Ali b. ‘Isa to have access to the tax revenues of Khurasan; now, under Tahirid patronage, their children had just that. Baghdad could prove useful to the caliphs as a rival source of power to Samarra with its Turkish population; when al-Mutawakkil wished to dispose of the Turk Itakh in 235/849 he arranged that the execution should be carried out by the Tahirids in Baghdad, safely away from Itakh’s followers in Samarra.

 

Цитата

By 335/946 the three sons of Buya had established themselves in effective control of Fars, Iraq and Rayy, and their descendants were able to maintain themselves in most of those areas until the coming of the Seljuks, a century later. The history of the Buyid period is very confused and full of marches, battles and succession disputes which seem both ephemeral and pointless. The historian’s task is complicated by the fact that there were at least three and sometimes more centres of activity which were at the same time closely interconnected. This means that the narrative thread is thoroughly tangled and the position is made more difficult by the fact that the sources are very uneven. It is clear that Fars was the most important province of the Buyid confederation but the narratives on which we depend are largely based on Baghdad material and show almost no concern for events in Fars at all, while on the other hand we are very well informed about Iraqi affairs which were in some ways marginal to Buyid history. None the less, events in Baghdad are of great interest for social and cultural reasons, since it was in Baghdad at this time that the doctrinal positions of imami Shi‘ism and Sunnc Islam were worked out. Baghdad then, attracts more attention than its purely political importance would warrant.

Buyid history can be chronologically divided, roughly, into two divisions. The first half-century, up to the death of ‘Adud al-Dawla, greatest of the Buyid rulers, in 372/983, is one of growth and consolidation when the political initiative was firmly in the hands of the princes of the ruling dynasty. From that point, however, the Buyids were on the defensive, especially in Iraq and central Iran, and political initiative passed to the hands of groups of soldiers and administrators who strove to manipulate their nominal rulers in their own interests.

Опять "великая держава одного четырех двух человек". Али ибн Буя Имад аль-Даула с двумя братьями создал державу ("конфедерацию") Буидов, воспользовавшись прогрессирующим кризисом Аббасидов. Его племянник Хосров (!) Адуд аль-Даула - пик силы Буидов. И все. 

С другой стороны - "золотой век" Омейядов-Марванидов и Аббасидов это тоже недлинные цепочки из 3-4 правителей...

Цитата

The Buyid lands formed a federation, rather than an empire. The major political units were the principalities centred on Fars, with its capital at Shiraz, al-Jibal, based on Rayy, and Iraq, including Baghdad, Basra and, very briefly, Mosul. 

...

One of the main sources of the intermittent conflicts which mark the history of the period was the question of succession to the various principalities. The possessions of the family were always considered as the property of the whole group, rather than of individual branches, and relatives felt that they had the right, even the duty, to interfere in times of trouble, as when ‘Izz al-Dawla Bakhtiyar seemed unable to administer Iraq effectively in 367/978 and his cousin ‘Adud al-Dawla stepped in to restore family rule in the area. Despite this family solidarity, the Buyids never developed an ordered system of inheritance; as in eleventh- and twelfth-century Europe each powerful ruler sought to provide a suitable inheritance for all his sons, even if it had to be done at the expense of his cousins. Correspondingly, all Buyid princes could feel entitled to a share of the patrimony and this right was even claimed by some, like Ibn Kakeya, who secured the independence of Isfahan in the early fifth/eleventh century, who were only related to the Buyid family by marriage.


The complex nature of family ties and obligations provided enough scope for conflict within the dynasty but there were other points of friction as well. One such was the question of succession to the title of shahanshah, effectively the presidency of the confederation. The powers this title conferred were not extensive; it was more a recognition of seniority within the family than an office with authority, rather like the title of grand prince of Kiev in twelfth-century Russia. From the beginning there was no idea that the title was hereditary, or that it was attached to any particular principality

 

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Занятно, насколько Иран, на самом деле ... маленький. Есть "кусочек Месопотамии" в виде Элама/Хузестана/Арабистана. Есть Табаристан/Мазендеран между Каспием и Эльбурсом. Есть восточное Закавказье в виде Азербайджана. И все. Остальная часть страны - это несколько небольших оазисов. 

Тот же сельскохозяйственный очаг у Персеполя на реке Кор - пара тысяч квадратных километров. Река Кор впадает в соленое озеро Бахтеган. Рядом - Шираз в оазисе на пересыхающей реке Рудхане Хошк. Исфахан - на реке Зайендерун, которая впадет в соленое озеро Гавхуни. Тебриз - на реке Кури, впадающей в соленое озеро Урмия. И еще один сельскохозяйственный очаг к югу от озера (с Миандоабом). Сельскохозяйственные очаг у подножия Эльбурса от Рея до Казвина (там сейчас и Тегеран стоит) утыкается с юга прямо в каменистую пустыню Деште-Кавир.

 

В Хорасане - не лучше. Мешхед и Нишапур расположены у подножия горы Биналуд, с двух сторон от нее. Мерв, Балх, Герат - сравнительно небольшие оазисы посреди нагромождения полупустынь, пустынь и гор.

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Eberhard W. Sauer, Jebrael Nokandeh, Konstantin Pitskhelauri and Hamid Omrani Rekavandi. Innovation and Stagnation: Military Infrastructure and the Shifting Balance of Power Between Rome and Persia // Sasanian Persia. Between Rome and the Steppes of Eurasia. Edited by Eberhard W. Sauer. 2017

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Занятно, кстати, выходит. Qal`eh Gabri - это сельскохозяйственный очаг Казвин-Рей. Насколько понимаю - это в принципе "всеиранский перекресток". Leilan - отмечен в районе оазиса к югу от Урмии. Укрепления на реке Горган - запирают "восточные ворота" в Табаристан. Дербент - "замок" на дороге в Закавказье.

 

316151_1_En_3_Fig3_HTML.gif.c07c691a33bc

Обычно по изогиете в 200 мм осадков в год проводят границу регионов, пригодных для земледелия. Хотя и там бывают нюансы - наличие подземных водоносных пластов, реки и т.д.

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Matthew King. The Norman Kingdom of Africa and the Medieval Mediterranean. 2018

Latin Expansion in the Medieval Western Mediterranean. 2013

Robert Ignatius Burns. Renegades, Adventurers, and Sharp Businessmen: The Thirteenth-Century Spaniard in the Cause of Islam // The Catholic Historical Review, Vol. 58, No. 3 (Oct., 1972), pp. 341-366

Цитата

Most distinguished of the Almoravid Christian generals was the invincible Berengar (ibn) Reverter, viscount of Barcelona, who stemmed the Almohad advance for the caliph 'Ali; after his last battle in 1142 the Almohads crucified his corpse. One son abandoned an African military career to die as a Templar in 1207; his brother, the apostate Abu 'l-Hasan, served the Almohads until his death in battle in 1186.

Michael Lower. Medieval European Mercenaries in North Africa: The Value of Difference // Journal of Medieval Military History. Volume XIV. 2016

Simon Barton. Traitors to the Faith? Christian Mercenaries in al-Andalus and the Maghreb, c. 1100–1300 // Medieval Spain: Culture, Conflict, and Coexistence. 2002 Тут

 

J. John. Malik Ifriqiya: The Norman Kingdom of Africa and the Fatimids // Libyan Studies. Volume: 18. Pages: 89-101. 1987

David Abulafia. The Norman Kingdom of Africa and the Norman Expeditions to Majorca and the Muslim Mediterranean // Anglo-Norman Studies VII: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1984: 26–49. 1985

The Aghlabids and their Neighbors. Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century North Africa. 2017

Alex Metcalfe. The Muslims of Medieval Italy. 2009

Ahmad ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri. The Origins of the Islamic State (Kitab Futuh Al-Buldan). Тут и тут.

Makrypoulias C.G. Byzantine Expeditions against the Emirate of Crete c. 825-949 // Graeco-Arabica vol. 7/8 (2000)

The Umayyad World. 2021

Savage E. A Gateway to Hell, a Gateway to Paradise: The North African Response to the Arab Conquest. 1997 Тут

Amar Salem Baadj. Saladin, the Almohads and the Banu Ghaniya. The Contest for North Africa (12th and 13th Centuries). 2015 (Based on the author’s thesis (doctoral) - University of Toronto, 2012).

Heinz Halm. The Empire of the Mahdi. The Rise of the Fatimids. 2021

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izobrazhenie_2022-09-22_210744390.thumb.

 

Michael S. Fulton. Contest for Egypt. The Collapse of the Fatimid Caliphate. 2022

Michael Lower. The Tunis Crusade of 1270. A Mediterranean History. 2018

Michael Brett. The Rise of the Fatimids. 2001

 

Ramzi Rouighi. The Making of a Mediterranean Emirate. Ifriqiya and Its Andalusis, 1200-1400. 2011 Тут

Цитата

Interestingly, Bedouin “tribes” belonged neither with the ‘āmma nor the khāssa, even when they were allied or tributary. They stood as separate and distinct entities. The urban emir may have secured the allegiance of individual Bedouin leaders, but the latter did not become members of the khāssa, and their fellow tribesmen were not part of the ‘āmma.

Цитата

The political crisis made it clear that the ruler of Tunis had had a very fragile hold on power. Louis’s Crusade showed that al-Mustansir could not defend his kingdom without the help of Bedouins

Цитата

The making of the first Tunis-based regional emirate began with the imposition of Hafsid domination over the body of Almohad sheikhs. To defeat those sheikhs, the Hafsids utilized a variety of strategies, the most significant of which was to establish alliances with urban elites and Bedouins. They also encouraged elite Andalusis to immigrate to the cities they controlled — Tunis and Bijāya foremost among them. They appointed Christian converts to key positions in the bureaucracy and bolstered the number of non-Almohad soldiers by utilizing Andalusi and Christian militias from nearby kingdoms such as Aragon. As they saw them, these paid soldiers constituted an army more loyal than any they could muster at home to fend off Bedouins, Almohad sheikhs, and other members of the Hafsid clan. 

 

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Roger Collins. Caliphs and Kings Spain, 796–1031. 2012

Цитата

In recent years, to bring up the Umayyad period in Spanish history in casual conversation with friends, colleagues, and complete strangers often raises the issue of whether this was indeed that golden age of tolerance in which members of the three Abrahamic faiths of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam coexisted in harmony and mutual respect. To which question there can be but one quick answer, and that is a wholly negative one. If a fuller or more nuanced reply is required, then it would involve saying that if there were any truth in such a notion then it only applied for a very limited period of forty years or fewer in the mid-tenth century, in just one location, the city of Córdoba, and to a very small sector of society, the intellectual elite attached to the caliphal court. Beyond these chronological, geographical, and social confines, life in Umayyad al-Andalus as recorded in our far from insubstantial sources looks more like Thomas Hobbes’s war of all against all than a realization of the prophetic vision of the wolf dwelling with the lamb, and the lion lying down with the goat.

Цитата

However, in the late 1980s, when it was first published, that tradition had yet to come to terms with the idea that these sources, all dating to the tenth century or there after, were not objective reports of the events of the early eighth century that just needed to have their narratives rationalized, despite fundamental divergences between them, so as to provide a seamless account of the events and personalities of that period.

 

Насколько понял - Андалус с момента своего формирования и далее на протяжении двух веков был в состоянии "неспокойствия". Там постоянно "тянуло дымом" и периодически "бабахало". И то, что в конце 9 века эмират рассыпался - результат, возможно, не того, что "бахать" стало чаще или сильнее, а того, что конкретный правитель в "обычных условиях" действовал не так успешно, как его предшественники.

Цитата

Such expeditions could therefore be legitimately directed against those within al-Andalus who were resisting the ruler’s authority. They became the principal way in which his power could be expressed in the frontier territories, and this was often more of a primary purpose than the chastisement of unbelievers outwith al-Andalus. However, for these expeditions to be effective they depended on the tax receipts and military contributions that the frontier marches would be expected to make. The more numerous and geographically widespread the rejections of the Umayyads’ authority, the more difficult it became for them to reimpose it. Facing resistance in several different regions made it all the more important that it be effectively repressed in each of them in turn, as happened under ‘Abdal-Rahman II. In the reign of Muhammad I, however, we see a succession of partial and incomplete solutions, with the geographical focus of campaigns shifting from year to year, rebels being defeated but left still active and able to reestablish themselves. When a new focus of rebellion emerged in the south, in the region of Málaga, at the very end of the reign, military resources were just stretched even further, and the cycle of the ineffectual attempts at the repression of opposition became even wider. Following al-Mundhir’s failure to crush Ibn Hafsun in 888 a full-blown crisis nearly overwhelmed the Umayyad dynasty.

Вообще, насколько понимаю, в современной исторической литературе это довольно распространенный подход. К примеру - Simon MacLean. Kingship and Politics in the Late Ninth Century. Charles the Fat and the End of the Carolingian Empire. Не "подъем [нужное вписать] сил", а "династический кризис". Сначала Карл Толстый не совладал с обстановкой, потом Арнульф заигрался - и понеслось. Если бы Арнульф, банально, преуспел в изображении себя "природным Каролингом" - весь расклад мог изрядно поменяться.

 

Цитата

In some ways the situation around 1013 was very similar to that encountered almost exactly one hundred years earlier, with al-Andalus divided up into a set of territories whose rulers either ignored or were in active conflict both with their neighbors and with the former central authority, the Umayyad realm. In both periods these local regimes were created by the men who controlled the military muscle that gave them the power, if not the legitimacy, to do so. Many of them were probably economically better fortheir inhabitants than the Umayyad rule they replaced, as all of the taxes (mainly but not exclusively from the non-Muslim population) and profits of trade otherwise tended to flow mono-directionally towards Córdoba where they benefitted the monarchs, their courtiers and favorites, and even some of its citizenry, but gave no corresponding returns to the inhabitants of the frontier marches and the other districts of al-Andalus. Tenth-century Córdoba can be seen as a bloated fungal growth created in the first instance by ‘Abd al-Rahman III as an unintended consequence of his way of dealing with the decline of Umayyad authority in preceding decades. A century later, the Ta’ifa kingdoms were a similar response to the weakening of central power, but this time there was no center left to try to regain control of the periphery: it had been smashed irreparably in the events that unfolded in and around Córdoba from 1008 to 1013.

 

Oric Bates. The eastern Libyans. 1914 - несколько тысяч персонажей такого примерно свойства и создали аль-Андалус.

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Hugh Kennedy. Muslim Spain and Portugal A Political History of al-Andalus. 1996

Цитата

Our understanding of the Muslim conquest of al-Andalus and the establishment of Arab rule is hampered by the nature of the sources. No contemporary Arabic accounts of the conquest survive and the earliest major sources which have been passed down to us are collections of historical anecdotes (akhbar) preserved in a number of works dating from the tenth century onwards, notably the anonymous Akhbar al-Majmua (Collection of Anecdotes) from possibly c. 940 and the Tarikh Iftitah al-Andalus (History of the Conquest of al-Andalus) of Ibn al-Qutiya (d. 977). Both these collections arrange their materials more or less in chronological order but they are not annals and are more concerned with vivid and interesting stories than the careful ordering of events. The Akhbar is particularly important for the pre-Umayyad period, while Ibn al-Qutiya gives vivid and gossipy accounts of the courts of the Umayyad amirs.


In the tenth century these accounts were edited and systematised using the criteria of annalistic historiography developed in the eastern Islamic world by such authorities as al-Mada’ini (d. 839) and al-Tabari (d. 923). In al-Andalus this editing seems to have been the work of the RazI family, originally from Rayy in central Iran, who had come to al-Andalus as merchants in the late ninth century. According to his son ‘Isa (d. 989), it was Ahmad b. Musa al-RazI (d. 955) who took the akhbar which people in al-Andalus had not previously been very interested in and ordered them (dawwana) according to the rules of historical science. The writings of the Razis, father and son, have largely been lost but they were used, and often incorporated entirely, with acknowledgements, by the great eleventh-century compiler Ibn Hayyan (d. 1076). Much of Ibn Hayyan’s work has in turn been lost, including the sections which dealt with the conquests and the early amirs. Some of his material has, however, been preserved in shorter works, like the anonymous Path al-Andalus of c. 1100, and later abbreviated recensions in annalistic compilations like Ibn Idhari's Bayan al-Maghrib of about 1300.


The fact that the sources as they have reached us were written down at least two centuries after the events has meant that fierce controversy has raged about the relative merits and reliability of these sources. Opinions have varied between historians like Taha, on the one hand, who accept the Arabic narratives almost completely, and Collins, who holds that the Arabic tradition is virtually worthless.

It is important to attempt to assess the reliability of this material. Clearly these Arab histories are biased in the sense that they are in favour of Muslim victories and claimed that these were the result of God’s support, but this sort of open partisanship does not present real problems to the modern historian. There are, however, a variety of other ways in which the material needs to be treated with caution.


There is material which is clearly legendary or folkloric, like the story of the locked chamber in Toledo which King Roderick was rash enough to open, only to find that the interior was covered by paintings of Arab warriors, and, probably, the story of Count Julian and the rape of his daughter by King Roderick. These stories, with their obvious predictive and entertaining functions, are unlikely to mislead historians. The use of topoi and conventional phrases, expressions and characterisation borrowed from eastern Islamic sources may also give a false impression of detailed accuracy.


There may also have been more hard-headed reasons for being economical with the truth. The nature of the conquest affected the status of the lands conquered: if they were conquered by force ('anwatan) they became the property of the conquerors, the indivisible fay' (immovable booty) of the Muslims, and the proceeds from these properties were to be used for the benefit of the Muslims as their ruler saw fit. If the lands were taken peacefully (sulhan), on the other hand, they continued to be the absolute property of the inhabitants and would only pass into Muslim hands by inheritance, purchase or conversion of the owner, in which case they would be the absolute property of their Muslim owners. There is some evidence of two historiographical traditions within the accounts of the conquests. The first, reported by the Razls and other sources close to the Umayyad court, emphasises the forceful nature of the conquest, since conquest by force would give the Umayyads the right to dispose of the lands, whereas other accounts talk of take-over by agreement and so emphasise the rights of the owners. This may account for disagreements in the sources about the nature of the conquest, and such details as the fall of Seville, which is said to have surrendered peacefully and then rebelled and had to be subdued by force, may be explained as attempts to conflate two contradictory traditions. In the end, however, it must be admitted that these divisions of opinion could simply be the result of genuine confusion over events which happened long ago.

С другой стороны 

Цитата

The fact that these sources, in the form in which they have been handed down to us, are much later need not undermine their credibility. The Arabic historical tradition laid great emphasis on preserving the wording and forms of old accounts and much of the work of compilers like Ibn Hayyan was basically editing and republishing older materials, rather than composing a new account. Later chronicles can contain important nuggets of information which survive from much earlier times: the most important account of the nature of the settlement of the Syrian junds in al-Andalus after 741, for example, is found in fragments of al-Razi embedded in the late fourteenth-century Ihata of Ibn al-Khatlb, composed in its present form 650 years after the events it describes.

То есть - переработка и переделка более ранних материалов для арабской исторической традиции нехарактерна. И если текст ссылается на более раннюю работу - с высокой вероятностью он скопирован оттуда с высокой степенью точности.

 

Цитата

There is little evidence about the working of the jund system in the Umayyad period. The only account we have is a report from Ahmad al-Razi (d. 955) who explains that the Syrian jundis, whose names were recorded in a diwan, were divided into two groups, one which went on campaign and the other which stayed at home. After three months the two groups would change places. Those on campaign were paid a rizq of 5 dinars at the end of the campaign while their chiefs received 200. The baladis had no diwan and only their leaders were paid 100 dinars. The Syrians were exempt from the 'ushr (tithe) and only had to pay a share of the revenues they collected from the non-Muslims; the baladis, by contrast, were obliged to pay this tithe.

Цитата

But in many ways the strength of the state was dependent on the personality of the monarch; for all the wealth and culture of Cordoba, deep regional and social divisions remained and might easily reappear in response to feebleness or disturbances at the capital.

 

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Hugh Kennedy. Muslim Spain and Portugal A Political History of al-Andalus. 1996

Цитата

A surviving passage of Ibn Hayyan’s account of the reign7 gives details of the recruitment of horsemen for the sa’ifa of 863. The name of each kura (district) is given with the number of men provided:

Elvira, 2,700
Jaen, 2,200
Cabra, 1,800
Priego (Baghu), 900
Takuranna (the Ronda district), 299
Algeciras, 290
Ecija, 1,200
Carmona, 180
Sidonia, 6,790
Rayyu (the Malaga area), 2,600
Fahs al-Ballut (Pedroche, north of Cordoba), 400
Moron, 1,400
Tudmir, 156
(?) Reina (north-west of Cordoba), 106
Calatrava and Oreto, 387

There was also an unknown number from Cordoba. Ibn Hayyan explains that this was after the obligation to go on the sa’ifa was removed from Cordoba and some other places. Ibn al-Qutiya8 relates a story in which ‘Isa b. Shuhayd goes to Seville, not mentioned in the list, to levy troops for the jihad. The list is interesting, but it presents a number of puzzles. It is clear that the amirs were heavily dependent on Andalucia for military recruitment: the small contingent from Tudmir (Murcia) are the only outsiders listed. There are none from north of Calatrava or west of Seville. These are precisely the areas in which the Syrian junds had been settled after 741. The army was assembled specifically for the jihad and the amirs probably had to rely on the full-time hashm army of professionals for campaigns within al-Andalus: only when they faced the infidel could the amirs command such widespread support. The differences between the contributions are very surprising: there seems no obvious reason why Sidonia should have supplied so many more than Elvira or Rayyu, or why Ecija should have contributed seven times as many as neighbouring Carmona. It looks in fact much more like a list of volunteers than an organised levy and, as Ibn Hayyan says of the Cordobans, ‘they were each able to decide for themselves whether to volunteer for the jihad without any compulsion’.9 In the short term, the move to make military service among the jund voluntary greatly increased Muhammad’s popularity, but the long-term effects may have been less beneficial: if this hypothesis is correct, then it marks an important stage in the demilitarisation of the native Andalusi population which was to be such an important, and ultimately disastrous, feature of the tenth- and eleventh-century history of al-Andalus.

Цитата

7. Quoted in Ibn Idhari, Al-Bayan, ii, p. 109.

 

Цитата

Credit for the survival of Umayyad rule despite these assaults should go, not to the torpid Amir himself but to a small band of dedicated Umayyad mawali and some members of the Umayyad family. The key figure among them was Ahmad b. Abl ‘Abda, whose family had long connections with the Umayyad family. He, and his sons ‘Isa and ‘Abbas, were indefatigable leaders of military expeditions to drive back rebels and to collect taxes. He collected a small group of soldiers, only 300 strong, but they were said to have been the equal of any army in al-Andalus. Virtually every year, usually under the formal leadership of one of the Amir’s sons, Aban or al-‘Asi, the Banu Abi ‘Abda would set out to do battle.


A typical expedition is described by Ibn Hayyan in the year 896. The small army, commanded by the Amir’s uncle Hisham b. ‘Abd al-Rahman and Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Abi ‘Abda, left Cordoba at the end of Rabi I (17 May) when the harvest would be beginning. They pursued a very winding route through the mountains east of Jaen to Guadix. At first they headed south to Hisn Qamarat Jaysh (an unidentified site on the river Guadalbullon near to Jaen controlled by Ibn Hudhayl) where they set about ravaging the agricultural lands and cutting down the trees until Ibn Hudhayl appeared to do batte. After some inconclusive fighting Ibn Hudhayl asked for peace and it was agreed on condition that his father was sent as a hostage to Cordoba. They then moved on to Bakhtwira (unidentified) in the lands of another war-lord, Hurayz b. Habil, where the horses were allowed to graze in the crops and inflicted considerable damage. After that they went to Baeza (at this time loyal to the government) where they collected the ‘ushur. They stayed there for three days during which time the troops went off to Tashkar (Castillo de Tiscar) which they found deserted so they burned it and took the harvest.


By this time the weather had worsened dramatically and, despite the fact that it was high summer, the army was drenched and demoralised by continuous torrential rain. They returned to Bakhtwira, stronghold of Hurayz b. Habil. After some fierce fighting they drove him out of the suburb, which they burned, and into the castle. From here he negotiated peace on the condition that he handed over his son as a hostage and agreed to pay 2,500 dinars in cash and compensation for eight military horses which had been hamstrung in the fighting. He was given a written agreement (aman). The bedraggled expedition (it was still raining hard, with thunder and lightning) pushed on, stopping at Munt Shaqir (Montejicar), Al-Banyul (Albuniel) and Hisn al-Liqun (Alicun de Ortega) which they quickly captured and where they took horses, equipment and a lot of food; they ejected the partisans of Ibn Hudhayl from the fortress and installed a garrison of Arabs and Berbers. At Guadix they paused for a few days to receive the caravan bringing the tithes (‘ushur) from Pechina and the taxes (jibdya) of Hisn Bashira before crossing the border into the province of Tudmir (Murcia) to Balsh (Velez Rubio). The weather was still as bad but they persevered, fighting the locals and destroying houses and fruit trees until, in August, they reached the River Segura where they first came into conflict with the supporters of Daysam b. Ishaq. When they finally reached Murcia they stayed there for ten days collecting the taxes (magharim) from the people.


At the beginning of Rajab (26 August) they set off on the return journey. It was not easy. Having been drenched on the way, they now suffered from terrible thirst and some 30 men and numerous animals perished. Daysam himself was at Lorca, but they passed the city and made no effort to take it. Daysam pursued them and there was some skirmishing in which the Cordoba forces took horses and seven coats of mail. Then they returned via Jaen to Cordoba, reaching the capital three months and 21 days after setting out.

The long account throws very interesting light on the government in ‘Abd Allah’s reign. It is quite clear that the systematic taxation and administration had almost completely broken down. It is true that taxes were collected from Pechina and in Murcia but, at least in Murcia, this only happened because the army visited. In addition to the money, the expedition was concerned to secure supplies of food, horses and military equipment, presumably to see it through the winter in Cordoba as well as for the expedition. The Cordoba forces could extract hostages from lesser war-lords, but, faced with Daysam at Lorca, they could not even attempt to reduce him to obedience. Basically, this was government by pillage and the Umayyad army was no more than a marauding band living off the country: its main objective was not to uphold the authority of the state, but simply to feed itself. This was the reality of power when ‘Abd al-Rahman III became amir.

 

Цитата

It is impossible to tell how many Lamtuna and other Berber supporters of the Almoravids actually setded in al-Andalus. Estimates of their numbers at the battle of Zallaqa vary wildly, but may have lain between the 12,000 suggested by Ibn Kardabus and the 20,000 of‘Abd al-Wahid al-Marrakushi. In 495/1101-2 Ibn Tashfin instructed his son to maintain (tarakab) 17,000 horsemen in al-Andalus: 4,000 in Seville, 1,000 in Cordoba, 1,000 in Granada, 4,000 in the Levante and the remainder (7,000) distributed along the frontiers. This accords well with the 4,000 troops Ibn Tashfin despatched to the Levante at the time of the siege of Aledo35. It is true these numbers refer to horsemen and there may have been large numbers of foot soldiers to accompany them, but if so, their presence has passed unremarked by the sources. These are not large numbers in themselves. Furthermore, there is no evidence of tribal immigration or of large-scale settlement. At the time of the anti-Almoravid movements in the 1140s, small numbers of identifiable Almoravids in provincial towns were hunted down and killed, implying a dispersed settlement and the preservation of a separate identity. The Almoravid presence was essentially military and essentially urban.

Цитата

35. See Hulul al-Mawshlya, p. 57; Lagardere, Le Vendredi de Zallaqa, p. 44.

 

Цитата

Why then did Muslim political society fail?

Some of the answers to this question are unknowable given the information at our disposal. There may have been demographic factors: the Christian population may have grown faster than the Muslim for some reason, and simple Malthusian pressures forced them to conquer new lands. Yet there is no evidence for this, and in many areas the Christian setders of reconquered lands were few and not sufficiently numerous to occupy the countryside. 

...

Muslim disunity was a major cause of weakness. Immediately after the death of al-Muzaffar in 1008, different factions began to search for Christian allies and the pattern continued. The Taifa kings of Zaragoza and Toledo sought, and paid heavily for, Christian allies, Ibn Mardanish in the twelfth century depended on Christian support to sustain his independence in the face of Almohad advance, and Ibn al-Ahmar in the 1240s owed much of his rise to power to his position as a vassal and ally of the Castilian king. Muslim political disunity inevitably resulted in Christian military advance.

But this can only be part of the answer. Christian Spain too was torn by feuds: brothers fought over succession, the kings of Castile and Aragon struggled for supremacy in the border regions and the kings of Leon in the second half of the twelfth century were happy to accept the Almohads as allies against their cousins in Castile and Portugal. Yet Christian disunity did not have the same catastrophic consequences and Christians did not allow Muslim princes to fight their battles. The Taifa kings of Zaragoza and Toledo in the eleventh century did invite Christian troops into their enemies’ lands. Alfonso VI may have taken refuge in Muslim Toledo but he never employed the armies of Toledo to ravage the lands of his brother Sancho. The struggle between the kings of Castile and Leon after 1157 was as fierce as any conflict with the Muslims, but neither side invited Almohad armies into their lands.

...

Siege warfare was another area of Muslim military weakness. After 1000, if the Christians captured a town or city, they held it. There are a few exceptions, like Valencia in 1102 and Almeria in 1157, but both of these were isolated outposts. Despite victories on the field of battle, the Muslims were never able to mount an effective siege of Toledo. When Lisbon fell in 1147 or Cuenca in 1177, they were never subsequently threatened by Muslim armies. When the Almohads attempted the siege of even a small town like Huete, the result was a fiasco. This was not because Muslims in general were unable to mount sieges: the Mamlukes of Egypt were superbly effective in this branch of warfare. What we can say with confidence is that the Muslims of al-Andalus seem to have been unable to take well-fortified and defended cities.

As early as the tenth century, the eastern geographer Ibn Hawqal had noted the unwillingness of native Andalusis to become soldiers. The military reforms of ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Nasir and al-Mansur institutionalised the exclusion of most Andalusis from the army. The Taifa kings failed to recruit effective armies locally and the coming of the Almoravids meant that the defence of the country was entrusted to Berbers. This exclusion was never complete and there were always examples of Andalusi soldiers, like the Tujibis under al-Mansur and the Banu ‘Azzun and Banu Wazir under the Almohads, who did play an important, if secondary, military role, but they were exceptional.


This meant that there was a large non-military, civilian population in al-Andalus, untrained in warfare and unequipped. They relied on the professional soldiers to defend them and when, with the collapse of the caliphate, the Almoravids or the Almohads, these professional soldiers were no longer available, the local people could not mount a successful resistance. Along with this concentration of military power in a caste of professional solders went the concentration of political power in the hands of the rulers. Under the Umayyads, the lords of the Marches had considerable autonomy and the power to lead defensive and offensive campaigns on their own initiative. Under the Almoravids and Almohads, such local initiatives ceased to be possible. This is especially true under the centralised Almohad caliphate when the prolonged absences of the caliphs effectively paralysed both offensive and defensive war efforts.


Christian Spain and Portugal during this period have been described as a ‘society organised for war’. The Christians seem to have been able to mobilise a much higher proportion of their populations for warfare, in royal armies, in the armies of the military orders and in the armies of the towns. The gulf between the military castes and the rest of the population did not exist. Furthermore, there were many different centres of command. Not only were there three or four frontier monarchies but there were military orders, nobles’ followings and town armies with their own command structure, capable of independent action. Muslim society had no equivalent of an adventurer like Giraldo Sempavor or military forces like the aggressive and effective militia of Avila in the second half of the twelfth century. If royal power was enfeebled by minority or civil war, as in Castile after 1157, there were others who could and did assume a leadership role.

...

In the end, it is probably impossible to tell how far these various factors, demography, military technology and military and political structures, led to the demise of al-Andalus. But it remains a central and intriguing question why the self-confident and dominant Muslim political society of the year 1000 should have divided, shrunk and, eventually, half a millennium later, disappeared from Iberian soil completely.

 

В части способности сторон вести осадные операции - занятно сравнить с ситуацией в Сирии и Палестине.

Nicholas Morton. The Crusader States and Their Neighbours. A Military History, 1099-1187. 2020

Цитата

Naturally, the Syrian region was only one of the frontier zones surrounding the Crusader States, the others being: Egypt (Sinai), Transjordan, the Arabian Peninsula, Anatolia, and Cilicia, but it was also the homeland for many of their staunchest opponents for much of this period. The Syrian cities of Aleppo and Damascus, as well as Hama, Homs, and Shaizar, represented longstanding targets for the Franks, all of which they tried and failed to conquer. Focusing on the Franks’ Syrian wars, their inability to push inland represents a vital element in any assessment of their ultimate failure.

...

Given that during this period of forty-four years of sustained military effort, the Franks staged a total of thirty-six incursions along the Syrian frontier, their relentless inability to conquer major strongholds is remarkable. The only large fortress on this list is Harim (1157) and its conquest was only possible because Nur al-Din was seriously ill at the time and could not despatch a relief force. Moreover, the Franks did make several attempts to conquer major towns or strongholds including their expeditions to Damascus in 1148, Shaizar in 1157/1177/1179, and Harim in 1177. The common factor linking these campaigns is that they all failed. Admittedly they made gains elsewhere (in Egypt and Cilicia), but even on these frontiers their conquests were only temporary. The Turks by contrast were far more effective at besieging Frankish towns and castles during this same period taking twenty-three strongholds from the Crusader States in addition to the entire county of Edessa. These successes include several formidable strongholds including: Apamea (1149), Harim (1149/1164), Marash (1149), Tortosa (1152), and Banyas (1164).

Цитата

At a more technical level, the Franks depended heavily on siege towers as their weapon of choice in siege operations (rather like their Latin contemporaries in other parts of Western Christendom). This was the weapon they employed extensively during the conquest of the coastal cities (1099–1124). ... The Franks’ preference for siege towers continued throughout the period and at the siege of Damietta in 1168 Nicetas Choniates reports King Amalric rebuking the Byzantine commander Andronicus for his suggestion that ladders alone would be sufficient to effect the city’s capture, lecturing him instead on the virtues of siege towers.

...

Relying on siege towers, however, posed problems. Siege towers required a great deal of time to build (Rogers suggests four to six weeks) and a considerable amount of timber. This was generally more than long enough for relief forces to assemble and march against a beleaguered stronghold. The main structural corner posts needed to be very long, broad, and thick, so as to support the whole structure. Large baulks of timber, however, were not a plentiful commodity in the Near East. ...  Given this geographical distribution of woodland, it was possible to acquire sufficient timber for sieges against coastal defences, and additional beams could be supplied by breaking up ships.

...

Notably, the Franks only employed siege towers against three non-coastal targets during the period 1097–1187: at Ma‘arrat an-Nu‘man in 1098, at Jerusalem in 1099, and against Banyas in 1140, and on two out of these three occasions they struggled to locate sufficient timber. In 1099 the Crusaders besieging Jerusalem experienced the unexpected windfall of finding a stash of timber left previously by the Fatimids during their earlier siege of Jerusalem. In 1140, the Frankish–Damascene force besieging Banyas was un able to find suitable timber with which to build a siege tower, even though Banyas lies in a wooded region, and so the main structural beams had to be transported all the way from Damascus. These experiences and the infrequency with which the Franks used siege towers in their inland ventures speaks of their difficulties applying their siege weapon of choice in these contexts, thus representing another factor curbing their ambitions on this quarter.

The Turks by contrast relied on a very different set of tactics to conquer fortifications. There are some infrequent examples of Turkish commanders employing siege towers in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Examples include Sultan Alp Arslan’s siege of Ani in 1064 (seemingly with the support of Armenian engineers) and Sultan Mohammed’s siege of Mosul (1105) — so they were familiar with the technology — but they hardly ever used these weapons against the Franks. The Turks by contrast relied heavily upon undermining to conquer strongolds; this involved engineers directing a workforce to dig underneath an opponent’s rampart, propping up the walls with timbers until a suitable moment when the timbers would be burned causing the wall above to collapse. 

...

Viewed in comparison to the use of siege towers, undermining had several advantages. Firstly, it did not rely on the use of massive timbers which were difficult to source away from the coast. Secondly, mining was less susceptible to Greek fire, which was used repeatedly to destroy Frankish siege towers. Thirdly, and most import antly, siege towers took a long time to construct whereas mining operations could be very quick. To take a few examples, when the Damascenes attacked Banyas in 1132, their miners brought down the town wall in a single day. In 1179, Jacob’s Ford’s ramparts were undermined on the sixth day and in 1187 Saladin’s miners broke through Tiberias’ town wall in a single night. Given that both the Turks and Franks were nervous — albeit to differing degrees — about fighting off relief forces whilst in enemy territory then the speed with which they could get inside the walls could be decisive.

Mining was not without its problems. Some castles, located on inaccessible peaks or ridges, were unsuitable for mining operations. Miners were sometimes prepared to attempt undermining castles built onto bedrock, but this was substantially more difficult. It also seems likely that a swift siege conducted via mining could only be achieved at a high price — a substantial casualty rate among the miners, supporting archers, and assault troops. The risk of incurring significant casualties may go some way to explaining why the Franks rarely adopted their enemies’ swifter approach to siege warfare (mining and missile barrage then frontal assault), preferencing instead the slower processes of blockade and siege towers. The Franks could not afford anything like the same casualty rate as their opponents given their slender population and their high-cost mercenary troops. Even so, the Franks did use miners occasionally. 

...

Overall it seems that the Franks were substantially less effective than the Turks when besieging towns and strongholds in inland Syria. Their reliance on siege towers committed them to long and resource-intensive sieges which simply were not practical given that they were not prepared to withstand relief forces, while the topography of inland Syria prohibited the creation of siege towers from local timber. The Turks by contrast were not nearly so resource dependent and utilized tactics that could penetrate heavy defences in only a few days (before the arrival of relief forces). This was not because they possessed a technical edge that the Franks lacked (the Franks used mining as well); rather the most likely explanation seems to be that they were more prepared to absorb heavy casualties. These differing approaches go some way to explaining both the continued inability of Frankish forces to penetrate far inland and, by contrast, the Turks’ substantial success in seizing Frankish fortresses quickly. From the Frankish perspective, this incapacity coupled with the fact that they never surmounted the problem goes some way to explaining why — in the long run — they were unable to take the two main regional lynchpins: Aleppo and Damascus.

 

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Baybars’ Successors. Ibn al-Furāt on Qalāwūn and al-Ashraf. Translated by David Cook. 2020.

Ibn al-Furāt (1334-1405).

Боевые порядки мамлюков перед второй битвой при Хомсе (1281).

Цитата

The Muslims spent the night on the backs of their horses, and at daybreak on Thursday 14 Rajab [October 29, 1281] which was the battle day, al-Malik al-Manṣūr rode and arranged the victorious Islamic armies in accord with what we will describe citing what the emir Rukn al-Dīn Baybars al-dawādār al-Manṣūrī from his work Zubdat al-fikra fi tā’rīkh al-hijra.

This was that the victorious right flank contained al-Malik al-Manṣūr, ruler of Ḥamāh, the emir Badr al-Dīn Baysarā al-Shamsī, the emir `Alā’ al-Dīn Kushtghadī al-Shamsī, and their auxiliaries. In the right flank vanguard there was the emir Sharaf al-Dīn `Īsā b. Muhannā, [the tribes of] Āl Faḍl, Āl Murrā, the Bedouin of Syria, and those who were attached to them.


The blessed left flank contained the emir Shams al-Dīn Sunqur al-ashqar, and those emirs with him, the emir Badr al-Dīn Bīlīk al-Aydimurī, the emir Badr al-Dīn Baktāsh, amīr silāḥ (armorer), the emir `Alam al-Dīn Sanjar al-Ḥalabī, the emir [Badr] al-Dīn Bajkā al-`Alā’ī, the emir Badr al-Dīn Baktūt al-`Alā’ī, the emir Sayf al-Dīn Jabrak al-Tatarī, and those auxiliaries with them. In left flank vanguard were the Turkmen massed, the army of Ḥiṣn al-Akrād and al-Jālīsh.


The center contained the emir Ḥusām al-Dīn Țurunṭāy, the deputy sultan in the Egyptian homelands, with his auxiliaries, the emir Rukn al-Dīn Ayājī the chamberlain, the emir Badr al-Dīn Baktāsh son of Karmūn, together with the royal mamluks with them. The Sultan al-Malik al-Manṣūr waited underneath the victorious standards, while surrounded by his mamluks, dependents, and officials.

...

As for the Islamic left flank, the Tatars’ right clashed with it, but the former did not hold firm because of their squadrons following one after another, so it was defeated and those in it retreated. The same with the left wing of the center, so the Tatars followed behind the retreating Muslims until they came under Ḥimṣ, whose gates were locked.

 

Р. Амитаи-Прейсс сделал несколько пометок к переводу сведений аль-Фурата у Мартинеса. Проблема в том, что в переводе Кука я даже их хвостов не вижу. Кроме этого - Кук не привел подстрочника для военных терминов, а про другим примерам - в таких узких вопросах я ему не сильно доверяю. Он может дать "свое понимание" вместо максимально точной передачи текста оригинала. Для примера

Цитата

He dispatched a number of the local garrisons from Upper Egypt, and the road guard (qarāghulāmiyya), and dispatched the emir `Izz al-Dīn Aydimur al-Sayfī al-silāḥdār, who was appointed governor over the Qūṣ an districts with his provisions, in addition to the royal mamluks stationed in the Qūṣ an districts, the local troops in Qūṣ , and the Bedouin of that region.

0_0???? Этот же именно эпизод вот тут.

2.thumb.png.15f5584342790ff923f7403c40ba

Примечание Гибба. In any case qaraghulam is not to be confused with the later Mongol term qaraghul ...

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А попутал он кара-гулямов с монгольским "караулом". =/

Цитата

The Mongols maintained some type of formation called qaraghul, which combined the function of frontier guards and highway patrol, but little is known of its actual structure and numbers.

Цитата

mongol qara'ulqaraghul «garde, sentinelle, patrouille» (qui est passé sous les formes qaravul en čaghatay et qaraqol ou qaraghol en osmanli)

 

Ранее у него было такое вот

Цитата

They mustered at the field to enter Damascus with the vanguard (aṭlāb) and the arrangement as usual.

Но atlab это множественное от tulb, при чем тут vanguard?

 

Схема построения мамлюков у Р. Амитаи-Прейсс на базе пачки источников.

izobrazhenie_2021-02-02_005303.thumb.png

Можно выделить

Цитата

It is unclear if any one officer had command over either of the wings, but according to the contemporary Hospitaller Joseph de Cancy, Sunqur al-Ashqar was commander of the Left while Aybeg al-Afram had charge of the Right.

Ссылка на

Цитата

Joseph de Cancy, in W.B. Sanders, "A Crusader's Letter from 'the Holy Land'," Palestine Pilgrim's Text Society 5 (1896):7.

В англоязычной литературе традиционна неправильная - год издания 1888-й, а пишут и 1890-й, и 1894-й, и чего еще только не.

izobrazhenie_2022-05-20_032720745.png.7f

 

В принципе - словом "vanguard" Кук мог передать термин, использующийся в оригинале для обозначения крайних фланговых полков...

Цитата

Tuhfa, 99-100; Zubda, fols. 113b-l 14a; whence Nuwayii, MS. 2n, fol. 8a-b (cites Baybars al-Mansuri by name); Ibn al-Furat, 7:215 (also names Baybars's Zubda as source); Maqrizi, 1:692-3; Dhahabl, MS. Laud. 279, fol. 65b (= MS. Aya Sofya 3014, fol. 98a), also gives most of this information, albeit in a different fashion. Martinez, "Il-Xanid army," 161-2, analyzes some parts of Ibn al-Furat's rendition of Baybars al-Mansuri's passage, but makes several mistakes: first, there is no justification for reading instead of jalish the word jawish, which he understands to be "sargeant" [sic]. In the Mamluk armies there was nothing resembling a "battalion of sargeants." The term jalish is frequently found, makes perfect sense here, and is clearly read, in both Baybars al-Mansuri and Ibn al-Furat. On p. 165, Martinez must be referring to these so-called "sargeants" when he writes that the Mamluk Center had a "screen of infantry." This last statement is completely unjustified. Secondly, there is no basis for the statement that the troops of Hisn al-Akrad "were apparently similar to the Turcomans and hence made up of Kurds as the place name implies." The name of the fort had nothing to do with its garrison. Thirdly, cIsa b. Muhanna (head of the curban, not carban as written), was not present at the next battle of Homs in AH 1299, since he died in 683/1284; rather his son, Muhanna b. cIsa, was there.

И вот есть у меня подозрение, что 

Цитата

The center contained the emir Ḥusām al-Dīn Țurunṭāy, the deputy sultan in the Egyptian homelands, with his auxiliaries, the emir Rukn al-Dīn Ayājī the chamberlain, the emir Badr al-Dīn Baktāsh son of Karmūn, together with the royal mamluks with them. The Sultan al-Malik al-Manṣūr waited underneath the victorious standards, while surrounded by his mamluks, dependents, and officials.

то ли victorious standards, то ли auxiliaries могут оказаться в оригинале как раз "jalish". Скорее первое, но не исключаю и второе. 

Вроде бы и перевод свежий - но толком ничего не дает. Все равно надо термины по оригиналу смотреть. =( 

 

Еще из перевода Кука. Армия монголов.

Цитата

We had mentioned that Shams al-Dīn Sunqur al-ashqar and the emir Sharaf al-Dīn `Īsā b. Muhannā both wrote to the king Abagha son of Hűlegű, the king of the Tatars, concerning the dissension that had occurred between the Muslims’ armies, so when what they wrote him reached him, he prepared armies, and they set out towards the Syrian lands.

These divided into three divisions: one division (headed) towards the [Seljuq] Rūm, whose commanders were Ṣamghār, Tanjī, and Țaranjī. One division towards the east, whose commander was Baidu son of Țarghāy son of Hűlegű — it was accompanied by the ruler of Mārdīn. The third division that had most of the army, and the bulk of the Mongols, accompanied by Mengű Teműr son of Hűlegű.

Цитата

All this time the Muslims’ army was at the ready outside of Ḥimṣ, and the report came that Mengű Teműr was at Ḥamāh leading the Tatars’ armies of 80,000, among them 50,000 Mongols. The rest were apostates (murtadda), Georgians, Rūm [Seljuqs], Armenians and Franks.

Цитата

Write this very hour to the Sultan, on a bird’s wing, and make him aware that the group is 80,000 fighters in the center, among them 44,000 Mongols. They will advance to the center, while their right flank is very strong, so strengthen the left flanks of the Muslims, and guard the standards.

Цитата

The Tatars’ squadrons appeared, and it was said that the number of the Tatars was 100,000 horsemen, or more, while the Muslims’ army was half of that or less. 

По аль-Фурату, значительная часть армии "татар" состояла из местных контингентов. Что характерно - как-то не особо попадаются на глаза работы с разбором, как они предметно взаимодействовали на поле боя. =/

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Chronicles of Qalāwūn and his son al-Ashraf Khalīl. Translated by David Cook. 2020

Baybars al-ManṣūrīZubdat al-fikra fi tā’rīkh al-hijra. Как раз на эту работу выше ссылается аль-Фурат.

Цитата

The Muslims were glad at their presence, as that was prior to the conflict by two days. The Sultan pitched his red war royal tent, and the report came in that Mengű Teműr had camped up against Ḥamāh, together with the Tatar armies, leading 80,000, among them were 50,000 Mongols, while the rest of them were apostates, Georgians, [Seljuq] Rūm, Armenians and Franks. One of the mamluks of the emir Rukn al-Dīn Baybars al-`Ajamī al-jāliq defected to them, and guided them to the Muslims’ weak places, telling them of their numbers.

Цитата

It was confirmed that one of the Tatar army defected, and entered Ḥamāh, saying to the deputy in it: “Write this very hour to the Sultan: 44,000 Mongols, who will target the center and the right flank, which for them is very strong, so strengthen the left flank of the Muslims, and make sure to protect the standards.” The Sultan read this letter, and rode at dawn to strengthen the left flank, and to prepare as best he could.

Общая численность армии монголов может быть "условным числом" - "дважды сорок". Т.е. "очень много", "все войско иль-хана".

 

Цитата

When the Sultan rode during the morning of that day to arrange the vanguard (aṭlāb), he led the army personally, and thus their morale was high, their spirits resolute, and he incited them to be steadfast, and keep patient. He then returned to his station in the center, relying upon the Lord leading a proved army more steadfast than the mountains, and gardens more barren than fixed misfortunes.

Опять не понимаю перевода Кука. Почему "авангард"? Если правильно понимаю - тут просто "полки" или "отряды". "Урядил полки".

 

Цитата

The order of battle was according to this arrangement:


The victorious Manṣūrī right flank: in it al-Malik al-Man ṣ ūr Nāṣir al-Dīn Muḥammad, ruler of Ḥamāh, and the Ḥamān army, the emir Badr al-Dīn Baysarā al-Shamsī, the emir `Alā al-Dīn Țīburs al-Wazīrī al-ḥājj, the emir `Izz al-Dīn Aybak al-afram, amīr jandār al- Ṣāliḥī, the emir `Alā’ al-Dīn Kushtghadī al-Shamsī, and those added to them from the emirs of the marching-bands (ṭablkhānāt), and the captains of ten, commanders of the freeborn troops, their troops, other sections of the army, the emir Ḥusām al-Dīn Lājīn amīr silāḥ [armorer] al-Manṣūrī, deputy of Syria, the Syrian emirs, and the Syrian army. At the forefront of the right flank was Sharaf al-Dīn `Īsā b. al-Muhannā, the Āl Faḍl, the Āl Murā, the Bedouin of the Syrian lands, with those who joined them.


The blessed Islamic left flank: in it the emir Shams al-Dīn Sunqur al-ashqar, those Ẓāhirī mamluks who were with him, the emir Sayf al-Dīn Aytimish al-Sa`dī, the emir Badr al-Dīn Bīlīk al-Aydimurī, the emir Badr al-Dīn Baktāsh al-Fakhrī, amīr ṣilāḥ, the emir `Alam al-Dīn Sanjar al-Ḥalabī al-Ṣāliḥī, the emir Sayf al-Dīn Bakkā al-`Alā’ī, the emir Badr al-Dīn Baktūt al-`Alā’ī, the emir Sayf al-Dīn Jabrak al-Tatarī, and those emirs of 1000s. At forefront of the left flank were the Turkmen in their masses, and the army of Ḥiṣnal-Akrād.


The signal-flag (al-jālīsh), which was in the forward part of the center, the emir Ḥusām al-Dīn Țurunṭāy, the deputy of the awe-inspiring sultanate, and those emirs, the mafārida, his mamluks, his troops which were added to him, and the emir Rukn al-Dīn Abājī the chamberlain, the emir Badr al-Dīn Baktāsh b. Karmūn, and those royal Manṣūrī mamluks with them. The Sultan stood beneath the victorious standards, while around him were his mamluks, his courtiers, the armorers, the standard-bearers (al-sanjaqdāriyya), and the axe-men (ṭabardāriyya). He was steadfast in the saddle of his noble horse like the steadfastness of a deeply-rooted lofty mountain, seeking reward in the path of God as long as he attends to matters and endures hardships.

 

Вот интересно - как можно было бы назвать "переводчика", который бы сунулся переводить того же Ливия, но при этом не знал бы значений слов "манипула", "центурион", "эдил" и "комиции"? Вот тут то же самое.

Цитата

the emirs of the marching-bands (ṭablkhānāt)

Источники по мамлюкскому Египту, значит, переводим...

Это amir țablkhāna, он же amir arba'in. Т.е. носители военного ранга "эмира с барабанами"/"эмира сорока". Воинов у них под началом обычно было больше, сотня или около того.

Цитата

the captains of ten

Это amir 'ashara, еще один ранг у мамлюков. "Эмиры десяти".

Цитата

the freeborn troops

Если правильно понимаю - Кук так зачем-то переводит вполне устоявшийся термин, "халка".

Цитата

one of the commanders of the freeborn troops (ḥalqa)

 

Цитата

At the forefront of the right flank ... At forefront of the left flank

Опять "авангарды". Что за слово в оригинале - ??? Амитаи-Прейсс трактует его иначе - "края, фланги" правого и левого крыла.

 

Цитата

The signal-flag (al-jālīsh) which was in the forward part of the center

По этимологии, насколько понимаю, это и есть "флаг, знамя". Только в данном случае это технический термин, как раз "авангард". "Передовой полк", если так можно сказать. Или "санджак". =)

Цитата

the victorious standards

Что тут в оригинале - ??? Может и правда так, может - the victorious al-jālīsh. Тут бы Мартинеса поглядеть - но я его работы не видел... Кроме этого - Амитаи-Прейсс пишет, что слово jālīsh ясно читается и у аль-Фурата, и у аль-Мансури. У аль-Мансури в переводе Кука соответствующий фрагмент и правда находится без труда. Но в его же переводе аль-Фурата чего-то похожего уже толком не найти. Почему?

 

Дополнительно.

Цитата

David Cook is professor of religion at Rice University, US. His areas of specialization include early Islamic history and development, Muslim apocalyptic literature, radical Islam, historical astronomy, and Judeo-Arabic literature.

В общем - не Амитаи-Прейсс или Никол. "Арабский знает", в остальном - не его эпоха, не его тематика, не его интерес. Реалий и терминологии он не знает и знать не хочет, никакой литературы (специальной или других переводов) не читал.

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The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, or, al-Nawādir al-Sulṭāniyya wa’l-Maḥāsin al-Yūsufiyya by Bahā’ al-Dīn Ibn Shaddād. Translated by D.S. Richards. 2002

Акра. 4.10.1189

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В 03.02.2021в18:15, hoplit сказал:

У аль-Мансури в переводе Кука соответствующий фрагмент и правда находится без труда.

Кажется разобрался. 

Издание аль-Мансури.

На странице 197.

izobrazhenie_2021-02-07_002634.thumb.png

Если я правильно понял, то 

Цитата

forefront of the left flank

это

izobrazhenie_2021-02-07_002817.png.ff8b9

Моя попытка перепечатать

Цитата

رأس اليسرة

اليسرة - это, если правильно понимаю, "майсара", т.е. "левое крыло".

رأس - "вершина, кончик, острие, конец, голова". В принципе - понятно, откуда Кук взял "forefront". Большинство исследователей, насколько смог проверить, такие обороты переводят "extreme". Для сравнения.

رأس اليسرة - extreme maysara, extreme left wing.

А вот это вот

izobrazhenie_2021-02-07_004731.png.7f99f

получается "extreme maimana", т.е. "оконечность правого крыла"? Или не "оконечность"... А то и "то оконечность - то нет".

 

Для памяти.

joxi_screenshot_1612648257520.png.80ec51

 

 

Добавлю еще из Р. Амитаи.

Reuven Amitai. Whither the Ilkhanid Army? Ghazan's First Campaign into Syria (1299–1230) // Warfare in Inner Asian History (500-1800). 2002. Написана была, насколько понимаю, раньше. В 2000-м.

Цитата

83 Rashīd al-Dīn does not use the term maysara, but it is clear that he has generally been giving a rundown of the entire Mongol army from the extreme right wing onward. His exact words are zīr-i qūl-i bozorg, but this is not to be understood as “behind the great center” in the sense of “after” (as Martinez, “Īl-Xānid Army, ” p. 167, takes it), but rather “afterwards in the line-up along the front.” Otherwise we are to understand that Ghazan placed his household troops and three tümen s behind the front line, beside the rear guard, and there was no Left wing at all.

Т.е. - язык описаний таков, что даже специалисты расходятся в том, что там за чем и рядом с чем. =(

С другой стороны, по Второй битве при Хомсе.

Цитата

The placement of the Turkmen (along with the contingent from Hisn al-Akrad) and bedouin in the Left and Right flank respectively is not without problems. Baybars al-Mansun writes that these two groups were at the "head" (ra's) of the wings. Al-Dhahabi, however, who evidently had an independent source, says that the bedouin and Turkmen were at the extreme end of the Right and Left wings. In addition, Baybars al-Mansurt had earlier spoken of how the Sultan had organized his army into Center, Right wing, Left wing and two flanks (janahayn). Later, when he provides details, he does not mention the janahayn. Perhaps, then, he intended that ra's al-maymana meant janah al-maymana, and so on. Finally, c Isa b. Muhanna's subsequent attack on the flank of the Mongol Left (see below) suggests that he was placed to the east of the Mamluk Right.

У Кука это earlier spoken дано так

Цитата

When it was the night of Thursday, they traveled from Ḥamāh, and arranged their army, so that their right flank was towards Ḥamāh, while their left flank was towards Salamiyya, and they drove together seeking battle. The Sultan also arranged the army into right and left flanks — a center and two “wings” (flanks) — in accord with what we will describe.

Bezyimyannyiy.jpg.98bff83a5bdf3d20654f66

Справа налево - майсара (правый фланг), маймана (левый фланг), кальб (центр), далее - "два крыла" (جناحين). Насколько понимаю - тут дано простое перечисление, через "и" (و). То есть - вполне логичное перечисление, как его дает Амитаи, Кук превратил не пойми во что. Могу предположить, что "подбивал под понимание", ранее же  

Цитата

their right flank was towards Ḥamāh, while their left flank was towards Salamiyya

 

Для сравнения. Русский перевод Рашид-ад-Дина. Третья битва при Хомсе.

Цитата

В голове правого крыла был эмир Мулай, за ним эмирзадэ Саталмиш, за ним эмир Кутлугшах, а за ним Яман и Муртад, каждый со своим туманом. В средней рати [стоял] государь ислама, словно величавая гора, а в передовом отряде средней рати эмиры Чобан и Султан: Чобан направо, а Султан налево. Справа от средней рати был Тогрулча сын Аджуя-шукурчи. Ниже главной средней рати находились эв-огланы, за ними Ильбасмиш со своим туманом, за ним Чечек, за ним Курумиши сын Алинака, и позади всех Курбука-бахадур, который ведал задней ратью

Цитата

в голове - бар аввал

главная средняя рать - кул-и бузург

задняя рать - сāка

У Р. Амитаи.

Цитата

Following Rashīd al-Dīn's account,77 we can reconstruct the Mongol order of battle without two much trouble (fig. 2). On the extreme right (awwal-i maymana) was Mulai — a name often rendered in the sources as Bulai.78After him was Amīrzādah Satalmish,79 then Qutlugh-Shāh, followed by two names which are unclear, Yaman and perhaps Merted (M-R-T-D). The former certainly does not sound Mongolian or Turkish, but is confirmed by Wassāf;80 and the latter remains obscure, but may be identified with Bortas who is mentioned later by Wassaf together with Yaman.81 Be this as it may, each of these commanders are said to have led a tümen. In the center (qalb) was Ghazan himself, “like a majestic mountain.” In front of him was a strong vanguard (muqaddima) lead by Chūpān on the right and one Sultan on the left; the latter many be the Sultan Yasa'ul mentioned later by Wassāf.82To the immediate right of Center (yamīn-i qalb) was Toghrilche, the son of Aju Sokorchi, positioned there it would seem to provide additional cover for the Ilkhan in the center. Continuing on to the left wing83from the “Great Center” (qol-i buzurg), were the royal retainers (ev oghlanān),84 which appear to be distinct from the royal guard. The expression qol-i buzurg may be a calque of the Mongolian yeke qol (“large” or “imperial center”) which was another term for the royal bodyguard or baghaturs.85 In any event, the ev oghlanān provided extra protection to the Center to the left. The left wing proper was composed of Ilbasmish with his tümen, then Chichak, then Qurmishi the son of Alinaq.86The rearguard (sāqa) of the army was commanded by Korbuqa Bahādur.

 

Мамлюки.

Цитата

At this point, we can review the evidence regarding the order of battle of each side. The two above-cited fifteenth-century authors give us a good picture of the Mamluks' formation (fig. 1), apparently arranged only after coming within eyesight of the Mongols. On the extreme right wing (maymana) was the bedouin chief of Syria 'Īsā b. Muhannā, leading the various tribes of north Syria (Āl Mirā, Āl 'Alī and Āl Kalb, besides — so it would seem — his own Āl Fadl). The right wing proper was formed by the armies of Aleppo and Hama under the governor of the former city, Balāban al-Tabbākhī. The Left wing (maysara) was composed of five amirs of 1000 who are named (Bektash al-Fakhrī amīr silāh, Aqqush Qattāl al-Sabu', 'Alam al-Dīn Sanjar al-Dawadārī and Toghril al-Īghānī), plus the governor of Tripoli Hājj Kurt (with his army), and the “squadron” (tulb) of Lachin al-Ustādār, including the amirs of 40 from the remnant of the Zāhiriyya (mamluks of al-Zāhir Baybars) and their entourages. As will be seen, the last-named amir, Lachin al-Ustādār was himself behind the lines with the young Sultan. The center (qalb) was composed of the rest of the army, under Salar and Baybars al-Jashnakīr, together with Burulghi, Qutlubek al-Hājib, Aybeg al-Khaznadār; all of these were accompanied by a number of lesser amirs. The royal Mamluks were on either side of the center. The Sultan himself, as mentioned above, was behind the lines, under the tutelage of Lachin al-Ustādār. The royal standard (sanjaq al-sultān) was placed away from the Sultan, to attract the enemy and keep them away from him. In the vanguard (muqaddima) were placed 500 mamluk naft — or Greek-fire — throwers (zarrāqūn). 

Схема у меня отвратительная, но на ней, насколько смог разобрать, указанный extreme right wing расположен как раз в авангарде правого крыла, right wing proper стоит как раз позади него...

 

Еще одна непонятка. Судить по переводам глупо, но у Кука (одного переводчика) тексты из аль-Фурата и аль-Мансури несколько отличаются. По Третьей битве при Хомсе у нас тексты только 15 века. Как у мамлюков было с терминологичностью? То есть - если Мартинес и Амитаи не могут договориться на тему "потом, в смысле - сзади" и "потом, в смысле - дальше вдоль фронта"... Сами-то мамлюки с этим проблем не испытывали? Или это проблемы сугубо современных переводчиков? 0_о??

А описание Рашид ад-Дина? Ведь даже если у него написано именно "перед/впереди", и имел ввиду он именно это... Это еще не гарантия того, что монголы были выстроены именно так. Он мог сам неправильно понять оригинальное описание.

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Восторг, только сейчас обратил внимание. Саладин провел смотр армии в 567/1171. Описание смотра составил аль-Кади аль-Фадил, дошло оно до нас в пересказе аль-Макризи. 

У Гибба

Цитата

The total number of tulbs reviewed was 174, and 20 tulbs were absent.

У Айлона

Цитата

In 567 Salah ad-Din reviewed his troops; 140 tulbs were present, 20 absent.

У Лева

Цитата

On 8 Muharram 567/ 11 September 1171, Salh ad-Din held a review of  the old and new armies. The army was made up of 167 tulbs of  which 147 were present at the review.

А чего в гугл-буке творится - даже пересказывать не хочу. 

хахаха :mellow:

Еще. Аль-Асир у Гибба

Цитата

I myself inspected the register of the review and the battle distribution of the askar between right and left wings, center, and advance guard, and the officer responsible for keeping the register was my brother Majdeddin

У Ричардса

Цитата

... for I have perused the review register. The official who administered and wrote it was my brother Majd al-Dîn

 

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Hugh Kennedy. The Military // Crisis and continuity at the Abbasid court: formal and informal politics in the caliphate of al-Muqtadir (295-320/908-32). 2013

Цитата

The caliph al-Muqtadir inherited a large, expensive and potentially effective military organization which had been built up by his predecessors. The army developed from the forces which had emerged at the end of the period of anarchy in Samarra in 256/870. The creation of this army was largely the work of al-Muwaffaq, never caliph himself but effectively both regent and military commander for his brother al-Muʿtamid (r. 256–79/870–92). Al-Muwaffaq’s great achievement was to reestablish a personal bond between the Abbasid family and the military which had fallen into abeyance after the death of the warrior caliph al-Muʿtaṣim (218/833). The close relations were strengthened during the long and hard campaigns which al-Muwaffaq led against the Zanj rebels in southern Iraq. He led the army in person and was tirelessly in the field. During the latter part of these campaigns, he was assisted by his son, later the caliph al-Muʿtaḍid, who, like his father, was an active military leader.

Цитата

But there was another major problem with the military of al-Muqtadir’s reign and that was the lack of leadership from the caliph himself. As argued above, the revival of the caliphate after the anarchy at Samarra was achieved by the close personal involvement of members of the Abbasid family with the army, a tradition continued by al-Muʿtaḍid and al-Muktafī. Al-Muqtadir never led the army until the last encounter when he was killed, and even then his contribution was unimpressive. He never left Baghdad and never accompanied the army when it left the capital. While this might have been understandable and excusable when he was a boy ruler, it must have been much less so as he grew older. Many men in the army, and civilian inhabitants of Baghdad, must have felt let down and even betrayed by the fact that their monarch could not bring himself to lead his armies when the entire existence of the Abbasid state was threatened by the Qarāmiṭa. In the end, it was the breakdown of relations between the caliph and the military leadership which, more than any other signle factor, led to the collapse of Abbasid power.

Занятно - не сильно-то и отличается от того, что пишет по Европе Раннего Средневековья тот же Холсолл. Король обязан был водить войско в походы - в противном случае он имел немало шансов перестать быть королем.

Цитата

Burghardus Wirzeburgensis episcopus et Folradus capellanus missi fuerunt ad Zachariam papam, interrogando de regibus in Francia, qui illis temporibus non habentes regalem potestatem, si bene fuisset an non. Et Zacharias papa mandavit Pippino, ut melius esset illum regem vocari, qui potestatem haberet, quam illum, qui sine regali potestate manebat; ut non conturbaretur ordo, per auctoritatem apostolicam iussit Pippinum regem fieri.

 

Цитата

The overwhelming bulk of the expenditure is directly concerned with the military. Of the total expenditure of 7,915 dīnār per day, 5,121 are entirely military, 1,943 in areas (like riding animals and stables) that served both military and non-military and only 851 in areas like the bureaucracy which can be described as truly civilian (though even in this case, the main function of the bureaucracy was to arrange payment of the army). 

 

Опять всплывает тема, что вот именно воевать, с кишками и кровушкой, а не "службу отбывать", за "несколько динаров" ординарной платы, дураков не было.

Цитата

Fighting the Qarāmiṭa involved hardship, danger, thirst and exhaustion without any prospect of booty.

Опять вполне подойдет для той же Европы до конца Средних веков включительно. Богатая добыча манила даже больше платы за службу. Это была лотерея, где можно было сорвать куш.

Цитата

The booty which could be acquired legitimately, for example after the successful assault upon a town, could enrich all ranks in an invading army down to the very humblest. After the capture of Barfleur, in 1346, the town was “plundered of its gold, silver and precious jewels. [Edward Ill’s army] found so much of it there that the very servants of the army turned up their noses at fur-lined gowns.” Robert Knolles’ capture of Auxerre, in March 1359, earned him 500,000 gold moutons in booty alone, and if we add to this the ransoms of prisoners and the forty thousand moutons and forty thousand pearls which were the agreed price of his evacuation of the place, the profits for an army of two or three thousand men may easily be calculated.

Цитата

To pluck one example from thousands, the ransom of Guillaume, lord of Chateauvillain, may be mentioned. This Burgundian nobleman was captured by four French captains at Marigny, in 1430, and a ransom of twenty thousand saluts d’or was agreed

Правитель часто выступал не столько в качестве власти, сколько в качестве организатора прибыльного военного предприятия.

Цитата

... I will go with you with one hundred knights armed at my expense, if you will give me a part of the land and of the moveable goods in exchange for the footmen and horses I will bring, as well as for the ships and galleys armed by me ...

 

gold mouton - agnel d'or или mouton d’or. Насколько понимаю - аналог золотого флорина, плата ездящего лучник где-то за неделю службы. Для сравнения - 6 пенсов в день это столько, сколько получал наемный батрак во время уборки хлеба...

DM09176_0.thumb.jpg.0fce7f2d0dffc238486e

 

Отсюда же торчат проблемы с оборонительными войнами, особенно против "кочевников и приравненных к ним". 

Цитата

Partly this was because the Qarāmiṭa were so elusive and mobile, able to traverse the desert with remarkable speed and disappear into the wilderness where their enemies could not pursue them. In fact, they enjoyed many of the strategic advantages over the armies of the settled states that the original Arab conquerors of the Fertile Crescent had in the first/seventh century.

Цитата

It is likely that the resources of military manpower provided by the warbands were not adequate for such defensive warfare, and hence recourse was had to other means of raising troops. This seems all the more likely as such warfare — coast watch and boatbuilding — would have brought little gain for warbands and their leaders, and at the same time considerable risk if it should actually come to any fighting.

Как результат

Цитата

Modern analysis of the campaign can show that Charles’ campaign was in many respects no different in its methods, and no less successful in its results, than many earlier or later campaigns against the Vikings, who, as will become clear, were very difficult foes. Yet to contemporary writers it was, rightly or wrongly, seen as a dismal failure and therefore the cost to Charles and the Carolingian dynasty was high. These writers, it has been shown, were hostile to Charles largely for their own reasons. Nevertheless, ninth-century politics was not governed by objective strategic analysis. Carolingian kings were expected to win battles, and by failing in a high-profile campaign at just the time when his enemies were winning heroic laurels, Charles presented his enemies with a golden opportunity to denigrate his abilities as king. Within a year or so he had been deposed by his nephew, Arnulf of Carinthia, who took over rule of the East Franks, whilst Odo himself replaced Charles as king in West Francia.

 

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The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athīr for the Crusading Period from ‘al-Kamil fi’l-Ta’rikh’. Translated by D.S. Richards. 2006-8

Цитата

The Year 502 [1108 - 1109]

He had also prepared supplies, foodstuffs and military equipment. He laid hands on the notables in Mosul and put them in prison. He also expelled more that 20,000 of the city militia and publicly proclaimed, ‘If any two citizens gather to talk about this situation, I shall execute them.’

Цитата

The Year 532 [1137 - 1138]

The Byzantines then moved away towards Aleppo and camped on the Quwayq with the Franks from the Syrian littoral. The next day with their horse and foot they assaulted Aleppo. The Aleppan militia came out to meet them and fought a fierce battle with them. A host of Byzantines were killed or wounded. One killed was a general of noble standing among them. They withdrew in disarray, waited three days but, not seeing any chance of success, then moved to al-Atharib, where the Muslim population was in great fear. On 9 Sha‘ban [= 21 April 1138] they fled, so the Byzantines seized it and left their prisoners and captives from Buza‘a there along with a detachment of Byzantines to guard them and hold the citadel. The main force left and when Emir Sawar in Aleppo heard this he set out with the troops he had to al-Atharib and fell upon the Greeks there. He killed them, freed the prisoners and captives and returned to Aleppo.

Цитата

The Year 534 [1139 - 1140]

Next Zanki advanced to Damascus, where he camped. A large gathering of the regular troops of Damascus, the local militia and foot-soldiers from the Ghu†a met him in battle and suffered a defeat. They fell to the sword in great numbers and likewise many were taken prisoner. The survivors returned wounded. That day the city was on the point of being taken, but Zanki withdrew from the battle and held back for several days. He sent a succession of envoys to the ruler of Damascus and offered him Baalbek, Homs and other places that he might choose. He inclined towards surrender but others of his entourage turned it down and pointed out the likely dangerous consequences, adding that Zanki might deal treacherously with him, as he had with the men of Baalbek. After his refusal to surrender Zanki resumed the fighting and the assaults.

Цитата

The Year 549 [1154-1155]

Thereupon Nur al-Dîn marched to Damascus, having already corresponded with the local militia and won their support. They promised to deliver the city to him. ... As for the way Damascus surrendered, when he put it under siege, the militia with whom he had made contact, rose up and gave him access to the city by the East Gate. 

Цитата

The Year 570 [1174-1175] 

On their arrival, Sa‘d al-Dîn arrested Shams al-Dîn Ibn al-Dâya and his brothers and also Ra’îs ibn al-Khashshâb, the headman of Aleppo and leader of the militia there. Had it not been for the illness of Shams al-Dîn Ibn al-Dâya, he would not have been able to do that.

Цитата

The Year 581 [1185-1186]

The fief he held was Homs and Rahba. He left Saladin and went to Homs, passing by Aleppo, where he summoned a group of the militia and gave them money. Having arrived at Homs, he wrote to several of the men of Damascus and made an agreement with them for the surrender of the city to him, if Saladin should die.

Цитата

The Year 517 [1123-1124] 

He appealed to the people of Baghdad, ‘To arms, to arms! To war, to war!’ Great was the commotion among the people and a vast crowd of them, more than could be counted, left the city. ... Al-Bursuqi drew up his men for battle and the caliph positioned
himself in the rear of all with his special guard. Dubays formed his men in a line, a left and right wing and a centre, placing his infantry before the cavalry as a protective screen. ... Dubays’ army had consisted of 10,000 cavalry and 12,000 infantry, while that of al-Bursuqi was 8,000 cavalry and 5,000 infantry. Only twenty of the caliph’s followers were killed.

Цитата

The Year 617 [1220-1221] 

They departed in the direction of Samarqand, having ascertained that Khwarazm Shâh, who was still in his position between Tirmidh and Balkh, was powerless against them. They took with them as prisoners the survivors of the Bukhara population. They made them travel on foot in the most wretched fashion. All who became exhausted and unable to walk they killed. When they approached Samarqand, they sent the cavalry on before and left the infantry, the prisoners and the baggage behind them, until they advanced little by little, to be more terrifying to the hearts of the Muslims. When the people of the city saw the dense mass of them, they were horrified.


On the next day the prisoners, infantry and baggage arrived. With every ten prisoners there was a banner, so the city’s inhabitants thought that all were fighting troops. The city, in which were 50,000 warriors of the Khwarazmian army and, as far as the common people were concerned, an innumerable multitude, was fully surrounded. Some brave locals, men of steadfast strength, sallied forth on foot. None of the Khwarazmian troops went out with them because of the fear of these accursed ones in their hearts. The men on foot engaged the enemy outside the city. The Tatars continued to withdraw and the citizens to follow them with eager confidence. The infidels had positioned an ambush for them and, when they had passed beyond the ambushers, they emerged and cut them off from the city. The others who had initially engaged them turned back and [the local volunteers], caught in the middle, were cut down by the sword on every side. Not one of them survived. They were killed to the last man as martyrs (may God be pleased with them). According to reports, they numbered 70,000.

Цитата

The Year 519 [1125 - 1126]

The caliph made preparations to march to intercept them, and ordered Yarunqush al-Zakawi, the prefect of Iraq, to be ready for war and to mobilise the troops, the Bakjiyya emirs and others. The number of troops amounted to 12,000, apart from the infantry and the people of Baghdad. Weapons were distributed.

 

Шихаб ад-дин ан-Насави. Сират ас-султан Джалал ад-Дин Манкбурны. Перевод З.М. Буниятова

Цитата

Рассказ о походе султана в Ирак в шестьсот двадцать четвертом году (1227 г.) и о встрече его с татарами у стен Исфахана

Татары укрепились восточнее Исфахана на расстоянии дневного перехода, в селении под названием ас-Син. Звездочеты советовали султану воздерживаться [от выступления] в течение трех дней и только на четвертый день вступить в сражение, и он оставался на месте, ожидая указанного дня и назначенного времени. И вот что указывает на стойкость султана в сложных обстоятельствах и говорит о его равнодушии к тяжелым бедам. Группа эмиров и ханов, услышав о приближении врага и обеспокоенная этим [известием], направилась к нему. Они сидели некоторое время у входа, пока он не разрешил им войти. Когда они стояли перед ним — он встретил их во дворе дома, — он некоторое время говорил о том, что не касалось татар, как бы пренебрегая ими и показывая собравшимся, что дело не так уж серьезно и новость не так уж страшна. Этим он успокоил их сердца и укрепил их трепетавшие души. Он долго беседовал с ними о разных делах и наконец усадил их и стал с ними советоваться относительно согласованности боевого порядка. В итоге совета с ними он взял с них клятву в том, что они не обратятся в бегство и не предпочтут [позорную] жизнь смерти. Затем он сам поклялся им так же, как они ему, и сделал это добровольно, без принуждения, заявив, что будет сражаться до смерти. Он объявил им день сражения. Затем вызвал кади Исфахана и ра'иса [города] и приказал им произвести смотр пехоте в полном вооружении и в различных панцирях и кольчугах. Простой народ в Исфахане нельзя сравнить с жителями других городов в этом смысле, так как они показывались за городом в праздничные дни и в дни ноуруза в казангадах из разноцветного атласа, похожего на весенние цветы, или в искусно расшитых плащах, на которых зрители видели то блестящие звезды, то украшенные свитки с айтами [Корана]. ... Султан, когда стал перед ними, приказал пехоте Исфахана вернуться назад, так как удивился множеству своих войск и незначительности и слабости врага.

 

Claude Cahen. Mouvements Populaires Et Autonomisme Urbain Dans L'Asie Musulmane Du Moyen Age, I // Arabica. Volume 6: Issue 1. 1959

Цитата

C'est une question delicate que de savoir dans quelle mesure les ahdat representent la population urbaine dans son ensemble ou bien seulement certains elements dresses contre d'autres. Il ne semble pas qu'on puisse donner de reponse generale a cette interrogation. Dans certains cas, les ahdat nous apparaissent groupes derriere des chefs de riche bourgeoisie, voire des sharifs, qui certes peuvent, pour des raisons d'interit personnel, avoir une attitude demagogique ou democratique, mais qui paraissent bien cependant aussi representer l'opinion de leur couche sociale. On peut comprendre que de larges elements de la population fassent front contre des oppressions etrangeres, et en ce cas les ahdat representent l'aile marchante d'une sorte de resistance municipale aux gouvernements. D'autres fois, il nous semble au contraire y avoir conflit entre des elements bourgeois moderes, moins autonomistes s'ils peuvent craindre que l'autonomie les mette a la merci du petit peuple, et des elements beaucoup plus populaires au sein des ahdat, au point de pouvoir etre compares a cet egard aux `ayyarun dont nous reparlerons. Certains  termes qui leur sont appliques (suttar, hizb) suggereraient meme des rapprochements plus formels avec les 'ayyärs, si l'on pouvait itre toujours sur que des mots qui ont à la fois des significations larges et des acceptions techniques sont toujours pris de cette seconde facon. Nous aurons ulterieuremeilt a revenir sur cette question, lorsqu'il aura ete parle des 'ayyarun.

 

Ибн аль-Каланиси в переводе Гибба о битве при Аскалоне в 1099-м.

Цитата

The Egyptian army was thrown back towards Ascalon, al-Afdal himself taking refuge in the city. The swords of the Franks were given mastery over the Muslims, and death was meted out to the footmen, volunteers, and townsfolk, about ten thousand souls, and the camp was plundered. ...  It is said that the number of the people of Ascalon who were killed in this campaign - that is to say of the witnesses, men of substance, merchants, and youths, exclusive of the regular levies - amounted to two thousand seven hundred souls.

 

D.G. Tor. Violent Order: Religious Warfare, Chivalry, and the 'Ayyar Phenomenon in the Medieval Islamic World. 2007

Насколько понимаю - автор исходит из того, что слово "айяр" при своем появлении в начале 9 века было не более чем другим обозначение для гази/мутатавви. И в очередной раз поминает "приватизацию джихада" где-то с конца 8 века.

Цитата

This chapter explores how, in the eighth and ninth centuries, control over this dual obligation, particularly the Ji­had component of it, was transferred from the government to private, volunteer religious warriors. The transference of authority and leadership in these key gov­ernmental functions to the non-state sector led, first, to the rise of private mili­tias, among them the  'ayyàrs; and, second, to the weakening of 'Abbäsid author­ity and the subsequent passing of actual political power into the hands of volun­teer warriors such as the 'ayyàr Saffarids.

Если я правильно понимаю написанное Тор, то тот же Якуб ибн Лейс ас-Саффар и его айяры не особо и отличались от тех же мурабитов.

 

C. E. Bosworth. The Army // The Ghaznavids. 1963

Цитата

Finally, there was the volunteer element  of  the army, the ghazis or mutafawwi'a. The successes of the early Ghaznavids attracted plunder-seeking adventurers to their standards, above all for the Indian campaigns. Alptigin had only come to Ghazna with a small force, but his campaigns in the Kabul valley and India attracted so many warriors from Khurasan, both Turk and Tajik, that he ended up with 15,000 cavalry and 5000 infantry. Ten thousand ghazis accompanied Mahmud in 391/1001 to Peshawar and Waihand against the Raja Jaipal, and 20,000 from Transoxania for the Qanauj campaign of  409/1018. The concentration of ghazis at places like Lahore was a potent factor in the turbulence of the Indian garrisons. The ghazis were not registered in the Diwan-i 'Ard as regular soldiers entitled to a salary, bistagani, but eventually, an attempt was made to control their exuberance and make better tactical use of them. For the Somnath expedition of 416/1025-6 Mahmud took with him 30,000 regular cavalry plus the volunteers, and these latter were allotted 50,000 dinars from the state treasury for weapons and equipment. There was in Masud's reign a special Salar-i Ghaziyan, normally stationed at Lahore, although he was also present at Dandanqan in Khurasan; this office was held by a Turkish ghulam, 'Abdallah Qaratigin.

 

Можно вот это добавить.

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The History of al-Tabari Vol. 35. The Crisis of the 'Abbasid Caliphate: The Caliphates of al-Musta'in and al-Mu'tazz A.D. 862-869/A.H. 248-255.

Цитата

On a Monday in Dhu al-Qa'dah, 251 (November 24 - December 23, 865), The Baghdadis engaged in a great battle in which they defeated the Turks and looted their camp. The circumstances were as follows. The gates were opened on both sides of the city. Mangonels and ballistas were set up at all the gates and in the river vessels in the Tigris. The entire army then came out of the city. Ibn Tahir, Bugha and Wasif rode out when both factions were on the march, and the battle was engaged as far as the Gate of the Fief (of Umm Ja`far). The three of them then crossed over to the Shammasiyyah Gate, and Ibn Tahir sat under a canopy that was erected for him. Archers with nawaki bows moved out from Baghdad in skiffs. At times a single arrow went through several men, killing all of them. The Turks were routed, and the Baghdadis pursued them all the way to their camp, where they plundered their market. The loyalists set aflame one of the Turkish boats, known as The Iron One (al-Hadidi); it had inflicted much damage on the people of Baghdad.

Those who were in it drowned. In addition they took two of their river boats as the Turks fled, paying heed to nothing else. Every time a head was brought, Wasif and Bugha would say, "By God, the mawlas are broken." 

The Baghdadis pursued them until Rudhabar,' where Abu Ahmad b. al-Mutawakkil stood, and sent the mawlas back into the fight; he warned them that if they did not turn back, they would be totally routed and the enemy would pursue them all the way to Samarra. As a result, they re-formed and returned to battle. The rabble began to sever the heads of the dead, for Muhammad b. Abdallah began to bestow necklaces and gifts to anyone bringing in a head. The practice became excessive, however, and the Turks and the mawlas who were under the command of Bugha and Wasif were visibly displeased. Then, as a southerly wind carried the dust and the smoke of the burning fires, the banners of al-Hasan b. al-Afshin were brought forward together with the Turkish flags. At the head of the flags was a red standard that was stolen by one of Shahak's slaves who forgot to lower it. When the Baghdadis saw the red standard and those behind it, they imagined that the Turks had returned to do combat, and fled. Some of those who stood their ground attempted to kill Shahak's slave, who now realized what was happening and lowered the flag. The people were fleeing in confusion as the Turks fell back to their camp, not knowing that the Baghdadis were in retreat and that they could attack them. Thus the two factions broke away from each other.

 

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Вот к этому.

The History of Al-Tabari. Volume XXXI. The War Between Brothers. The Caliphate of Muhammad Al-Amin. A.D. 809-813/A.H. 193-198

Уличные бои в Багдаде в 813-м году, Четвертая фитна.

Цитата

It has been mentioned: One of Tahir's Khurasanian commanders, a man of courage and strength, went out one day to fight. Seeing some unclothed men without weapons, he said to his companions in scorn and contempt, "Are only these whom I see fighting us?" "Yes ," he was told , "these whom you see are the plague!" "Fie on you," he said , "shrinking from them and holding back, when you have splendid weapons, equipment, and strength, as well as your bravery and courage! What could the devices of these I see accomplish, when they have no weapons, no equipment, and no armor to protect them?" So he strung his bow and went forward. One of the men [on the other side ] saw him and went toward him with a pitch-covered reed mat in his hand and a horse's nose bag full of stones under his arm. Whenever the Khurasinian shot an arrow, the vagrant (ayyur) covered himself, and the arrow fell on his mat or near him. He would then take it and put it into a part of his reed mat he had prepared for that purpose and had fashioned like a quiver. Whenever an arrow fell, he would take it and cry out, "A daniq!" - that is to say, he had obtained the value of the arrow, which was a daniq. The Khurasinian and the vagrant continued at this until the Khurisinian exhausted his arrows. He then rushed at the vagrant to strike him with his sword. The latter took a stone out of his bag, put it into a sling, hurled it, and did not miss the man's eye. Then he hurled another and would have knocked the man off his horse, had he not dodged it. The man wheeled round and retreated, saying, "These people are not human beings!"

[Continuing , the narrator of this account ) said: It has been related to me that when the story of the man was told to Tahir, he was moved to laughter and excused the Khurisinian from going out to fight. 

У Табари вообще есть некоторое количество зарисовок, когда подобные персонажи вполне успешно отгоняли камнями (насколько понимаю - с помощью пращ) гулямов-тюрок.

 

The History of al-Tabari Vol. 35. The Crisis of the 'Abbasid Caliphate: The Caliphates of al-Musta'in and al-Mu'tazz A.D. 862-869/A.H. 248-255.

Во время "Анархии в Самарре".

Цитата

During one of those days, Yantawayh and his companions among the vagabonds reportedly set out from the Qatrabbul Gate and continued cursing the Turks until they passed Qatrabbul. Some Turks crossed over in skiffs , shooting arrows at them. They killed one of the vagabonds and wounded ten others. However, the vagabonds overwhelmed them with stones causing numerous casualties, so that the Turks retreated to their camp. Yantawayh was brought to the palace of Ibn Tahir who ordered him not to go out except on a day of battle. The former was then presented a bracelet of honor, and Ibn Tahir ordered that he be given five hundred dirhams.

Это волонтеры-айяры. С оружием в виде дубинки с гворздями, да и та не собственная - а выданная.

Еще пример

Цитата

I heard some say that a young man who had not yet reached puberty took part in this battle. He had a nosebag filled with stones and a slingshot in his hand. He would cast (the stones) never missing the faces of the Turks and their animals. Four Turkish horsemen who were bowmen began to shoot at him but they always missed. He would shoot back and hit them, and their mounts would then throw them. The Turks kept at it, until, assisted by four Maghribi horsemen carrying lances and shields, they charged at him. Two of them came upon him, but he threw himself in the water. They jumped in after the boy, but could not catch up with him. He crossed to the East Side and taunted them. The troops proclaimed "God is Great!" and returned without ever catching him.

 

The revolt of the Zanj: A.D. 869-879 / A.H. 255-265

Начало восстания.

Цитата

`Ali prayed with them, and in a sermon (khutbah) he recalled the wretched state from which, through him, God had rescued them. 'Ali said that he wanted to improve their condition, giving them slaves (al-'abid), money, and homes to possess for themselves, and that by them they could achieve the greatest things. He then swore a solemn oath, and when his prayer and sermon were complete he ordered those who had followed his words to instruct those non-Arabic speakers among them who had not understood, in order lalsol to raise their spirits. That was done, and `Ali entered the castle.

Цитата

`Ali ordered his troops to move to al-Razigiyyah, which was located at the far side of al-Badhiward. He reached there at the time of the midday prayer, which they performed and then prepared for battle. At the time where were only three swords in `Ali's so-called "army"- namely, his own, that of `Ali b. Abin, and that of Muhammad b. Salm. Between the time of the midday and afternoon prayers, `Ali departed [from al-Razigiyyah] with his troops and hastened back toward al-Muhammadiyyah, placing `Ali b. Aban in their rear with orders to report on anyone following them. He himself proceeded at the head of the company (of blacks) until they reached al-Muhammadiyyah. He sat by the water's edge and ordered the company to quench their thirst. When the troops arrived, 'Ali b. Aban said to him that they had seen swords glistening and heard the sounds of people moving behind them but that they could not tell whether they were moving away or heading toward them. He was still speaking when the enemy arrived. The Zanj called one another to arms and Abu Salih Mufarraj al-Nubi hastened forth with Rayhan b. Salih and Fath al-Hajiam. Fath had been eating (at the time), and so he went into the fray holding his plate. As his companions advanced, one of the Shurajiyyin called Bulbul encountered Fath, who attacked him with his plate and beat him with it, causing Bulbul to drop his weapon, turn, and flee. He and four thousand other men were put to flight, some being killed and others dying of thirst on the way. A number, too, were taken captive and brought to the leader of the Zanj who ordered them beheaded. Their heads were stacked on the backs of mules seized from the Shurajiyyin , who had used them for transporting the nitrous topsoil (shuraj). The procession set out and reached al Qadisiyyah by the time of the evening prayer.

Ополчение Басры выступает против зинджей. 869 год.

Цитата

Muhammad b. al-Hasan - Muhammad b. Sim`an al-Katib: On Monday , the 14th of Dhu al-Qa`dah (October 24, 869), the people of al-Bagrah assembled together and went forth in the wake of what they regarded as a triumph over the Zanj the previous day. The man selected to lead the expedition was a Baran by the name of Hammid al-Siji, a sailor experienced in operating and fighting from barges. The force comprised volunteers, archers, people from the main mosque, those from the Bililiyyah and Sa`diyyah factions prepared to follow Hammid, and onlookers from the Hishimites, Qurayshites, and other sections of the populace. Three barges were loaded with archers who crowded on board, eager to get to the scene of battle. A mob proceeded on foot, some bearing arms while others were mere spectators without weapons. The barges and boats entered the Umm Habib canal on the tide after sunset that same day. The procession of foot soldiers and spectators along the canal bank was so dense and numerous that they blocked from view everything in front of them. The Zanj leader had stationed himself on the canal known as al-Shaylin.

 

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The History of al-Tabari. The return of the Caliphate to Baghdad. Translated and annotated by Franz Rosenthal.

Битва у Хамы. 29 ноября 903 год. Дата - по юлианскому календарю.

Цитата

They marched [against him] and eventually reached a location that was reportedly twelve mil (twenty-four km) from Harrah. There, [on Tuesday] al-Muharram 6, (Tuesday, November 29, 903), they encountered the Qarmatian's men. He had sent them in advance, while he himself remained behind with a number of others; he had with him money that he had accumulated. His train was placed by him in the rear. A battle broke out between the government forces and those of the Qarmatian, and the fighting became fierce. The Qarmatian's men were routed, and many of them were killed or captured. The rest dispersed in the desert. 

Табари приводит подробный отчет о битве, который визирю отправил командующий армией после победы

Цитата

Muhammad b. Sulayman sent the wazir the following victory dispatch

Цитата

On Tuesday, al-Muharram 6,  (Tuesday, November 29, 903), I moved from the place known as al-Qarwanah to a place known as al `Alyanah with the entire army of allies. We advanced in battle order, center, right wing, left wing, and so on. I had not gone far when a report reached me indicating that the Qarmatian unbeliever had dispatched al-Nu`man, the son of the brother of Isma il b. al-Nu(man, one of his dd is, with three thousand horsemen and a large number of foot soldiers. He had encamped in a place known as Tmn( twelve mil [twenty-four km] from Hamah; all the horsemen and foot soldiers from Ma(arrat al-Nu(man and the region of the Fusays and other regions had joined him. I kept this information concealed from the officers and everybody else and did not reveal it. I asked the guide who was with me about the distance between us and that place. He said that it was six mil (twelve km).


Putting my trust in Almighty God, I ordered the guide to march against (al-Nu`man), rand he took everybody along. We marched until I reached the unbelievers. I found them arrayed in battle order, and wee saw their vanguards. When they noticed our approach, they moved toward us, and we moved toward them. They were divided into six squadrons. According to information given me by one of their leaders whom I overpowered, they had put in charge of their left wing ...  with one thousand five hundred horsemen. Behind their left wing, and opposite our right wing, they had set up an ambush with four hundred horsemen. In the center, they had placed ...  with one thousand four hundred horsemen and three thousand foot soldiers. On their right wing, they had placed They had one thousand four hundred horsemen with them, and they had set up an ambush with two hundred horsemen. They advanced steadily toward us, while we were marching toward them in closed formation, putting our trust in Almighty God. 

...

When we were in sight of each other, the squadron on their left wing attacked, whipping (their horses), and moved toward al-Husayn b. Hamdan, who was on the flank of the right wing. Al-Husayn - May God bless him and give him a good reward! - personally confronted them with all the men who were with him. Using their lances, they broke them in the Qarmatians' breasts, whereupon (the Qarmatians) withdrew from them. When the Qarmatians resumed their attack against them, they took their swords, striking the enemy in their faces. During the first onslaught, six hundred horsemen of the wicked unbelievers fell. Al-Husayn's men seized five hundred horses and four hundred silver necklaces. The Qarmatians turned their backs and fled, and al-IHusayn pursued them. They counter-attacked incessantly, making onslaught after onslaught. In the course of these engagements, one group of theirs after the other fell, until Almighty God had annihilated them. Less than two hundred of their men escaped.

The squadron on their right wing attacked al-Qasim b. Sima and Yumn al-Khadim and the Banu Shayban and Banu Tamim who were with them. They confronted them with their lances, until they broke them in the enemy, and they grappled with each other. A large number of the wicked were killed. At the time of their onslaught, they were attacked by Khalifah b. al-Mubarak and Lu'lu' whose three hundred horsemen I had deployed flanking Khalifah and all his men. They were fighting alongside the Banu Shayban and the Tamim. A great many of the unbelievers were killed, and (the government forces) pursued them. The Banu Shayban took three hundred horses and a hundred necklaces from them, and Khalifah's men took a like number.

Al-Nu`man and the men with him in the center advanced toward us. Positioned between the center and the right wing, I attacked with those who were with me. Khagan, Nasr al-Qushuri, and Muhammad b. Kumushjur and those with him on the right wing also attacked, as did Wasif Mushgir, Muhammad b. Ishaq b. Kundajiq ... Flanking the right wing were all those who had attacked the men in the center as well as those who had disengaged themselves from the attackers of al-Husayn b. Hamdan. They continued killing the unbelievers, horsemen and foot soldiers alike, until they were slain, over a distance of more than five mil (ten km).

When I went a half mil beyond the battle lines, I feared that the unbelievers might be planning a ruse against the foot soldiers and the train. Therefore I halted until they reached me. I gathered them and the men around me, while in front of me was the blessed spear, the spear of the Commander of the Faithful.

I had attacked right at the beginning, and so had the troops, while all the time `Isa al-Nushari secured the train, stationing battle lines behind them with the horsemen and the foot soldiers according to a plan I had drawn up for him. He did not leave his position, until all the troops from every location had returned to me'. I set up my tents at the place where I had halted, until everybody had encamped, and remained there until after the evening prayer, when all the men were safely quartered. I sent out vanguards, and then I dismounted and praised God profusely for the victory He had allowed us to enjoy. Each and every one of the officers and pages of the Commander of the Faithful as well as the non-Arabs and others, achieved their goal of assisting this blessed dynasty and offering it good counsel. God bless them all!

Что характерно - описания собственно процесса боя почти что и нет. В центре, к примеру.

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Hugh Kennedy. Muslim Spain and Portugal: a political history of Al-Andalus. 1996

Цитата

Malaga and the district of Elvira (the area around the later city of Granada, which did not really become important until the eleventh century) seem to have been taken by small units without much trouble, but Tariq himself moved on quickly to the Visigothic capital at Toledo. There was no resistance. Most of the people, apart from the Jews, had abandoned the city and Tariq was able to spend the winter of 711-12 there.

 

The Visigothic Kingdom. The Negotiation of Power in Post-Roman Iberia. 2020

Цитата

At best, the geostrategically favourable location might catch the eye of the observer: Toletum was comparatively small in size (5 ha) and could easily be defended due to its location in a loop of the Tagus river at the intersection of important roads on a steep rock formation.

 

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Садр ад-Дин Али ал-Хусайни. Ахбар ад-даулат ас-сельджукийа (Сообщения о сельджукском государстве). М. Восточная Литература. 1980

Цитата

Последним событием, упомянутым в книге ал-Хусайни, является смерть атабека Узбека и прекращение династии Ильдегизидов в 622/1225 г. Но сообщение об этом находится в последней главе (по условной нумерации — 41-я). Эта глава, как и предшествующая, 40-я, производит впечатление позднейшего добавления. Они содержат краткие и отрывочные перечни — в главе 40 перечислены сельджукские султаны от Тогрула I до Санджара (пропущены Бёркийарук и малолетние султаны — Махмуд I и Малик-шах II), а в 41-й — их мамлюки, ставшие владетелями и основателями династий. Эти главы оторваны от основного изложения, и Кл. Каэн считает, что они были прибавлены позднейшим переписчиком ... Кл. Каэн предполагает, что Зубдат ат-таварих ахбар ал-умара' ва-л-мулук ас-селджукиййа — сложная компиляция, в создании которой отразился труд трех (или, по меньшей мере, двух) составителей. 'Али ибн Насир ал-Хусайни является составителем лишь первой части, возникшей около 560/1164 г. Автором части, посвященной событиям после 547/1152 г., является неизвестное по имени лицо. Этот автор жил на северо-западе Ирана и располагал оригинальной информацией. Возможно, он был близок к окружению султана Тогрула III ибн Арслан-шаха ... Не исключается, что ал-Хусайни, переписав в молодости сочинение ал-Газали, уже на склоне лет составил хронику Сельджукидов, доведя ее до 590/1194 г. Черты компиляции, как мы видели, выражены ярко именно в первой части Зубдат; что же касается второй, то здесь составитель располагал сообщениями современников событий, а возможно, и собственной информацией. ... Не являясь оригинальным источником во всех своих частяхЗубдат ат-таварих тем не менее содержит много важных и интересных сведений, отсутствующих в других источниках по истории Сельджукидов. Особенно ценны известия Зубдат для восстановления событий второй половины XII в.— Периода, названного В. В. Бартольдом «самыми темными (Страницами мусульманской истории». ... Хотя автор книги пользовался источниками информации, общими с Ибн ал-Асиром, использовал непосредственно книгу 'Имад ад-Дина ал-Исфахани и, по всей видимости, сочинения других авторов, в его труде в большей мере, чем в сочинениях указанных авторов, встречаются сведения, восходящие в конечном итоге к устной традиции.

 

Поражение Абуль-Хасан Садака I в 1108 году.

Цитата

В 501 году (22 августа 1107-10 августа 1108 г.) султан Гийас ад-Дин Мухаммад погубил эмира Сайф ад-Даула Садаку ибн Мансура ибн Дубайса ибн Али ибн Мазйада, известного под лакабом Малик ал-'араб (Царь арабов). Он был убит в ан-Ну'манийи в сражении, которое произошло между ними. [Причиной] его было [следующее]. В конце месяца раби' II этого [же] года (первая половина декабря 1107 г), когда султан вступил в Багдад, ему сообщили о восстании эмира Сайф ад-Даула Садаки. Когда об этом узнал Сайф ад-Даула, он стал остерегаться [султана] и собрал 20 тысяч всадников из отребья курдов, тюрок, дейлемитов и арабов.

Войска султана возвратились в Хамадан, и он остался [в Багдаде] с тысячей своих мамлюков свиты. Эмир Сайф ад-Даула Садака находился в ал-Хилле. Наступила зима, и между ними образовалось непроходимое болото. Султан, видя, что с ним мало людей, решил послать к нему (Садаке) и убедить его вернуться к повиновению. Однако этому воспротивились исфахсалар его войск его мамлюк эмир Маудуд и другие мамлюки. Они заявили: «Мы не хотим и слушать об этом! Мы обязательно будем сражаться!».

Когда султан услышал это, он двинулся на ал-Хиллу. Сайф ад-Даула выступил против него, пользуясь удобным моментом для [нападения] на султана, которое принесло бы ему славу [победителя]. Сражение между ними произошло в местности близ ан-Ну'манийи, где была непролазная грязь и кони не могли двигаться. Тюрки из свиты султана спешились и засыпали войска Сайф ад-Даула стрелами, поражая лошадей и людей и распространяя смерть и раны.

Как только Сайф ад-Даула увидел это, он решил отступить, но тюрки, заметив [движение], еще яростнее бросились в бой. Сайф ад-Даула бежал и был убит стрелой. Погибло большинство тех, кто находился с ним.

Султан Гийас ад-Дин Мухаммад возвратился с победой. Среди Мазйадидов не было владыки более могущественного и благородного, чем Сайф ад-Даула Садака. Он был очень предан шиитству.

Эта же битва у аль-Асира - The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al-Kåmil fil-ta’rikh. Part 1. The Years 491-541/1097-1146. The Coming of the Franks and the Muslim Response. Translated by D.S. Richards. 

Цитата

Sa‘id ibn Óamid, Sadaqa’s army commander, advised armed resistance, mobilisation of the army and distribution of money to them. He spoke at length on the matter and Íadaqa inclined to his view. He therefore summoned his troops, and 20,000 horsemen and 30,000 infantry answered the summons. ... On 20 Rabi‘ II [8 December 1107] the sultan arrived at Baghdad, accompanied by his vizier, Nizåm al-Mulk A˙mad ibn Nizåm al-Mulk. He despatched al-Bursuqi, the prefect of Baghdad, with several emirs to Sarsar, which they put under siege. The sultan had arrived with a light force. His troops did not amount to 2,000 cavalry. When it was known for certain in Baghdad that Sadaqa had declared hostilities, the sultan sent to the emirs ordering them to come to him, to hurry and make all haste. They came to him from every direction.

...

While the envoys and Sadaqa were in these talks, news arrived that a detachment of the sultan’s army had crossed at Matiråbådh and that fighting between them and Sadaqa’s men was in progress. On account of the envoys Íadaqa acted with restraint, although he was eager to ride to his men because he feared for them. The envoys, when they heard this news, condemned it because they had commanded the army, when they passed through them, that no one should start any hostilities until they returned, for a peace settlement was imminent. Íadaqa said to the envoy, ‘How can I trust sending my son now? How can I feel that he will be safe, now that what you see has happened? If you personally guarantee his return to me, I shall send him.’ They did not dare to give this guarantee, so he wrote to the caliph apologising for not sending his son because of what had happened.


This situation came about because when the sultan’s army saw the envoys they believed that peace was going to come and so some of them said, ‘Our best plan is to seize some plunder before the peace.’ Some agreed and others refused. Those that agreed crossed the river and then those that had not agreed did not stay behind to avoid being called weak and cowardly and to prevent any mishap befalling those that crossed, which would be a source of shame and trouble. So these also crossed over after the others. They were met by Sadaqa’s men and a battle followed. The Turks suffered a defeat and a large number of them were killed and several of their leaders and many others were taken. Some of them drowned, including Emir Mu˙ammad ibn Yaghi Siyån, whose father had been the lord of Antioch. He was twenty odd years old. He loved the ulema and the men of religion and had built in his fief in Azerbayjan a number of madrasahs. The Turks did not dare to inform the sultan of the money and mounts that had been taken from them because they were afraid of him, seeing that they acted without his order.


The Arabs were buoyed up by this defeat [of the Turks] and manifested their pride, arrogance and ambition. They announced that they sold each prisoner for a dinar and that three men sold a prisoner for five qirats and ate bread and harisa with the proceeds. They began to chant, ‘Who will lunch on a prisoner and sup on another?’ The Turks were clearly greatly perturbed.

...

Sadaqa with his forces proceeded to the village of Matar and ordered his soldiers to don their armour. Thåbit ibn Sultån ibn Dubays ibn ‘Ali ibn Mazyad, the cousin of Sadaqa, sought the protection of Sultan Mu˙ammad. He was envious of Sadaqa and is the one we have said was in Wåsit, and that the sultan treated him with honour and kindness and promised him the fief.

The sultan’s armies came to join him, including the sons of Bursuq and ‘Alå’ al-Dawla Abu Kålijår Garshasp ibn ‘Ali ibn Faråmurz Abi Ja‘far ibn Kåkuya, whose ancestors were lords of Isfahan (Faråmurz is the one who surrendered it to Tughril Beg) and whose father was slain with Tutush. The sultan’s army crossed the Tigris but not he himself. They were thus now on the same side as Sadaqa with a canal between them.

They met in battle on 19 Rajab [4 March 1108]. The wind had been in the faces of the sultan’s troops but when battle was joined it became behind their backs and was now in the faces of Sadaqa’s men. The Turks loosed their arrows and with each volley 10,000 arrows were discharged. There was not an arrow that did not fall on a horse or a horseman. Whenever Sadaqa’s men charged, the water and arrows prevented them from reaching the Turks. Any of them that did cross did not return. The ‘Ubåda and Khafåja stood idly by and Sadaqa began to cry out, ‘On, on, the Khuzayma! On, on, the Nåshira! On, on, the ‘Awf!’ He promised the Kurds every favour for any courage they would show. He was mounted on a horse with its tail fully docked and no one else had one like it. This horse was wounded three times and was taken by Emir A˙madil after Sadaqa was killed. He sent it by boat to Baghdad but it died on the way.


Sadaqa had another horse which his chamberlain Abu Nasr ibn Tuffå˙a had ridden. When he saw that the enemy had surrounded Sadaqa, he rode away on it. Sadaqa called out to him but he did not respond. Sadaqa charged the Turks, and a mamluke amongst them struck him a disfiguring blow on the face. He then said, ‘I am the king of the Arabs. I am Sadaqa.’ An arrow then hit him in the back and a mamluke called Buzghush came up to him, now unable to move, grappled him, being unaware of who he was, and dragged him from his horse. He and the mamluke fell to the ground. Sadaqa recognized him and said, ‘ Buzghush, mercy!’ but he struck him with his sword and killed him. He took his head and carried it to al-Bursuqi, who bore it to the sultan. Seeing the head, the sultan embraced him and ordered a gift to be given to Buzghush.


Sadaqa remained where he fell until the sultan left and then a man from al-Madå’in buried him. He was fifty-nine years of age and his rule had lasted twenty-one years. His head was taken to Baghdad. More than 3,000 of his mounted followers were killed, amongst them several members of his house. Ninety-five men of the Banu Shaybån were killed and his son, Dubays ibn Íadaqa, was taken prisoner, as was Surkhåb ibn Kaykhusro the Daylami, who was the cause of this conflict. He was brought before the sultan and begged for his life. The sultan said, ‘I have sworn to God that I will not slay any prisoner, but if it is established that you are a Båtint, I shall kill you.’ Sa‘id ibn Óamid al-‘Umari, the commander of Sadaqa’s army, was captured but Badrån ibn Íadaqa fled to al-Óilla, took what money and other things he could and sent his mother and womenfolk to the Marsh to Muhadhdhab al-Dawla Abu’l-‘Abbås A˙mad ibn Abi’l-Jabr. Badrån was Muhadhdhab al-Dawla’s son-in-law, married to his daughter. The quantity of goods plundered was beyond estimation. Sadaqa possessed a great many manuscripts, thousands of volumes, written by reputable hands. He himself read well but could not write. 

Отмечу - переводы из аль-Асира у Гибба и Ричардса местами заметно отличаются. Разница это в исходниках или Ричардс обрезает терминологию - не знаю.

 

 

The Annals of the Saljuq Turks: Selections from al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh of Ibn al-Athir. ByD.S. Richards. 2002

Битва при Хамадане, 1073 год. Междоусобица у Сельджуков после смерти султана Алп Арслана. Малик-шах против Кавурта-бега.

Цитата

When Qavurt Beg, who was in Kirman, heard of the death of his brother, Alp Arslan, he marched towards Rayy, planning to take control of the kingdom, but Malikshah and Nizam al-Mulk arrived first and then marched from there against him. They met in battle near Hamadhan in Sha'ban [April  1073]. The army inclined towards Qavurt Beg, and when the left wing of Qavurt charged Malikshah's right, they put it to flight. Then Sharaf al-Dawla Muslim ibn Quraysh and Baha al-Dawla Mansur ibn Dubays ibn Mazyad, who were with Malikshah, charged with their Arabs and Kurds against the right wing of Qavurt Beg and put them to flight. The rout of Qavurt Beg's followers was complete. Those of Malikshah's men who had fled went to the encampments of Sharaf al-Dawla and Baha al-Dawla and plundered them, enraged that the Arabs had defeated Qavurt Beg's army. They also plundered the property of the Chief Syndic Tirad ibn Muhammad al-Zaynabi, the envoy of the caliph.

Арабские эмиры из Мосула и Куфы. 

Цитата

A local peasant came to Malikshah and informed him that his uncle, Qavurt Beg, was in a certain village. Malikshah sent people  to take him and bring him to him. Sa'd aI-Din Gohara'in was then ordered to garrot Qavurt. Malikshah left Kirman in the hands of Qavurt's children and sent them robes of honour. He assigned large fiefs to the Arabs and the Kurds for their part in the battle.


The reason why Sharaf al-Dawla and Baha al-Dawla were present with Malikshah was that Sultan Alp Arslan had been angry with Sharaf aI-Din, and the caliph had sent the Chief Syndic Tirad ibn Muhammad al-Zaynabi to him in Mosul. Sharaf aI-Din took him with him to Alp Arslan to intercede for him in the name of the caliph. When he reached al-Zab letters which his vizier Abu Jabir ibn Saqlab had written were intercepted, so Sharaf al-Dawla arrested him and put him to death, then continued with Tirad. The news of Alp Arslan's death and of Malikshah's journey back reached them, so they made their way to join Malikshah. Baha al-Dawla, on the other hand, had come with money which his father had sent to the sultan and was for that reason present at the battle.

 

Атсыз ибн Уак аль-Хорезми в Сирии и Египте. 1070-1078

Цитата

During this year Atsiz ibn Uvaq al-Khwarizmi, one of the emirs of the Sultan Malikshah, invaded Syria. He gathered the Turks  and went to Palestine. He conquered the city of Ramla and from there proceeded to Jerusalem, which he besieged. It was garrisoned by Egyptian troops. He conquered it and took the neighbouring lands, apart from Ascalon. He attacked and beseiged Damascus, keeping up a succession of plundering raids on the surrounding districts until he ruined them. He cut off supplies from the city and the situation of the population became parlous, but they held out and did not allow him to take the city. He withdrew but continued his destructive raids on the districts until there was a shortage of provisions.

Цитата

We have already mentioned how Aqsis captured Ramla and Jerusalem in the year 463 [1070-71] and beseiged the city of Damascus. After his withdrawal from the latter, he began yearly attacks on its districts at the time of harvest, when he would seize the crops. He and his troops grew strong but the population of Damascus and its local force weakened. In Ramadan of the year 467 [20 April-19 May 1075] he marched to Damascus and put it under siege. The governor on behalf of the Caliph al-Mustansir was al-Mu'alla ibn Haydara. Aqsis could make no impression on the city and lifted the siege in Shawwal [20 May-17  June]. The governor al-Mu'alla then fled in Dhu'l-Hijja [18 July-15 August]. The reason for his flight was that his rule of the [local] troops and the people had been wicked and tyrannical. Many were the pleas raised against him. The army rebelled against him and were helped by the common people, so he fled to Banyas, then on to Tyre. Later he was taken to Egypt, imprisoned and died in captivity.

After his flight from Damascus the Masmuda soldiery gathered together and appointed Intisar ibn Yahya al-Masmudi, known as Razin al-Dawla to govern them. Prices rose high and there were cases of cannibalism. A dispute then arose between the Masmudis and the city militia (ahdath). Aqsis learnt of that and returned to Damascus, descending on the city in Sha'ban of this year [10 March-7 April 1076]. Because of the siege, foodstuffs became unavailable. A 'sack' [of wheat] was sold, if it could be found, for more than 20 dinars. They then surrendered the city to him on terms. Intisar was compensated with the citadel of  Banyas and the city of Jaffa on the coast. Aqsis and his troops entered Damascus in  Dhu'l-Qa'da [June 1076] and on Friday, five days from the end of the month [Friday, 1 July] the khutbah was made there in the name of al-Muqtadi, the Abbasid caliph. This was the end of  the khutbah for the Egyptian Alids [Fatimids]. Aqsis took control of most of Syria and prohibited the formula 'Come to the best of work' in the call to prayer, which greatly pleased the population. However, he tyrannized the population and ruled them badly.

Поход в Египет

Цитата

In this year Aqsis went from Damascus to Cairo and put it under siege and pressed hard on the inhabitants. There was nothing left to prevent its capture, when the populace gathered with Ibn al-Jawhari, the preacher, in the main mosque, where they wept and prayed to God in all submission. God accepted their pleas and Aqsis was defeated without a battle. He retired unaccountably in a most wretched state.

Цитата

when Atsiz came to Cairo, the Amir al-Juyush Badr mobilised the troops and called upon the help of the Bedouin and other local people. He gathered a large host. A battle was fought and Atsiz was defeated and most of his men slain. One brother of his was killed and another brother lost a hand. Atsiz retired in rout to Syria with a small remnant of his force. He came to Ramla and from there went on to Damascus.

Цитата

Someone I trust related on the authority of several Egyptian scholars that when Atsiz came to Egypt and camped outside Cairo his men behaved very badly towards the inhabitants and oppressed them, taking their  property and committing wicked acts. The village headmen and chiefs (muqaddams) sent their complaints about what had befallen them to the Caliph al-Mustansir bi-Allah, the Alid. He sent back his reply, saying that he was incapable of repelling this enemy. They then said, 'We shall send you the fighting men we have to join with you. To those that have no arms you can give some from your stores. This enemy force feels itself secure. They have dispersed throughout the land. We shall all rise up against them on the same night and kill them. You can move against him with the men that join you and he will not have strength to withstand you.' The caliph agreed to this plan.

They sent him men and all on the same night rose with the forces they had. They fell upon their enemies and killed them to the last man. Not one of them survived except for those with Atsiz in his camp. The force with al-Mustansir in Cairo marched out  against him and he was unable to stand firm against them. He turned in flight and went back to Syria, and so the people of  Egypt were spared his wickedness and oppression.

Цитата

He arrived at Damascus, having been deserted by his men. He found that the population there had looked after those he had left behind and his monies. He thanked them for this and waived the land tax for that year.

He then went to Jerusalem and learnt that the people there had ill-treated his men and those he had left in charge. They had blockaded them in the Sanctuary of David (on him be peace). At his approach, the populace fortified the city to resist him and insulted him. He attacked and broke into the city by force and sacked it. Large numbers were killed, even those who had taken refuge in the Aqsa Mosque and the Haram. He spared only those who were in the Dome of the Rock.

Турки берут Иерусалим на меч второй раз за несколько лет.

Малик-шах прислал в Сирию своего брата Тутуша

Цитата

He had with him a large gathering of Turkomans.

Тутуш осадил Алеппо, которым владели Мирдашиды.

Цитата

The Amir al-Juyush Badr had indeed sent an army from Egypt, commanded by a general known as Nasr al-Dawla. He besieged Damascus and Aqsis sent to Taj al-Dawla Tutush asking for his aid, so the latter marched to the assistance of Aqsis. When the Egyptians heard of his approach they fled before him in panic, like men defeated.

 

А это просто занятное.

Цитата

In Sha'ban of this year [15 January-12 February 1081] Sultan Malikshah went to Rayy and reviewed the army. He cashiered 7,000 men with whose condition he was not satisfied, and they joined his brother Tekesh, who was in Bushanj. Strengthened by  these men, Tekesh declared a rebellion against his brother Malikshah and seized control of Marval-Rudh, Marv al-Shahijan, Tirmidh and other towns. He then marched to Nishapur, ambitious to gain Khurasan.

It is related that when the sultan ordered them cashiered, Nizam al-Mulk said to him, 'Amongst these men there is not a single clerk, no merchant, no tailor, no-one who has any trade but soldiering. If they are discharged, we cannot be sure that they will not set up one of their number and say, "This is the sultan," and we shall have trouble with them. We shall lose many times what they receive in pay before we can bring them to heel.' The sultan did not accept his advice, but when they went over to his brother and the latter openly rebelled, he regretted that he had gone against his vizier, when, however, regrets were useless.

Поход султана Малик-шаха в Сирию в 1086-7, для разбора дел с его собственными, формально, подданными и родственниками

Цитата

As he approached Aleppo, his brother Tutush withdrew. He had already gained the city, as we have related. He took the
desert route as he left, accompanied by the Emir Artuq. The latter advised a surprise attack on the sultan's army, saying, 'They  have just arrived and they and their horses are so tired that they would be unable to resist. If they did, we would be victorious.'  Tutush replied, 'I will not break the reputation of my brother, under whose protection I shelter. It would first of all weaken me.' So he went to Damascus, and the sultan took over the city of Aleppo upon his arrival.

 

The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al-Kåmil fil-ta’rikh. Part 1. The Years 491-541/1097-1146. The Coming of the Franks and the Muslim Response. Translated by D.S. Richards. 

Очередная династическая распря у Великих Сельджуков. Баркиярук против своего брата Мухаммада. Район Исфагана, 1101 год.

Цитата

With Barkyåruq were 50,000, while his brother Mu˙ammad had 15,000. They met and fought all that day. Detachment after detachment of Mu˙ammad’s army defected to Barkyåruq, who rewarded them with largess. A remarkable sign of his coming victory had been that, when Barkyåruq’s infantry were in need of shields, on the morning of the day of battle twelve loads of weapons arrived from Isfahan, of which eight contained shields which were distributed to the troops. When they arrived Barkyåruq dismounted and prayed two rak‘as in gratitude to God Almighty.


The fighting continued until the end of the day and then Sultan Mu˙ammad and his troops broke. Mu’ayyad al-Mulk was taken prisoner by a mamluke of Majd al-Mulk al-Balåsåni and was brought before Barkyåruq who upbraided him and listed how he had treated him, how he had slandered his mother at one time, accused him of following the Båtini creed at another, urged his brother Mu˙ammad to rebel against him and himself thrown off his allegiance and other matters. 

Еще один сельджукский князь, сын Тутуша Ридван.

Цитата

Ridwån set out with a large force of cavalry and 7,000 foot-soldiers, 3,000 of whom were jihad volunteers.

 

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Записки Восточного Отделения Императорского Русского Археологического Общества. Том II. 1887

Разсказъ Хилаля ас-Саби о взятіи Бухары Богра-ханомъ. Саманиды против Караханидов. Где-то 1000-й год.

Цитата

Въ этомъ-же мѣсяцѣ (Зу-л-Ка’да 390 = октябр. 1000) пришло извѣстіе о томъ, что Богра-хаканъ отправился въ Бухару и завладѣлъ ею и выгналъ оттуда сыновей Абу-л-Касим-Нух-ибн-Мансура. Разсказалъ мнѣ Абу-л-Хусейн-ибн-Зирекъ, говоря: мнѣ разсказалъ Абу-л-Хусейн-ибн-ал-Яса'-ал-Темйми-ал-Фариси — а былъ онъ изъ знатныхъ купцовъ — говоря: Я былъ въ Бухарѣ, когда пришли войска ханскія. И взошли тогда хатибы (проповѣдники) Саманидовъ на каѳедры соборныхъ мечетей и возбуждали народъ къ борьбѣ и говорили отъ имени Саманидовъ: «вы вѣдь знаете, какъ мы хорошо съ вами обращались и какъ мягко мы къ вамъ относились. И угрожаетъ намъ теперь этотъ врагъ и вамъ теперь надлежитъ помогать намъ и сражаться за насъ. Просите-же Бога, чтобы онъ благословилъ васъ въ дѣлѣ оказыванія намъ помощи и поддержки». Жители Бухары большею частью носятъ оружіе, какъ и (вообще) обитатели Мавераннагра. И когда люди услыхали это, то они пошли къ тѣмъ, которые у нихъ считались факихами (законовѣдами) и просили ихъ фетвы относительно того, сражаться-ли имъ. Но тѣ запретили имъ это, говоря: «если бы Ханиды препирались (съ Саманидами) изъ-за религіи, то сражаться съ ними было бы обязательно. А когда борьба идетъ изъ-за благъ сего міра, то не позволено мусульманину губить себя и подставлять себя для убіенія. Образъ жизни этихъ людей (т. е. Ханидовъ) прекрасный и вѣра ихъ безупречна, и (поэтому) лучше воздержаться (отъ всякаго вмѣшательства)». И было это одной изъ главныхъ причинъ захвата власти Ханидами и бѣгства и паденія Саманидовъ. И вступили Ханиды въ Бухару и вели себя прекрасно и были милостивы къ народу.

 

Веком ранее. Балх, 900 год. Амр ибн Лейс Саффари против Исмаила ибн Ахмада Самани.

"The History of Al-Tabari". Vol. XXXVIII. Translated and annotated by Franz Rosenthal. 1985.

Цитата

On Wednesday, Jumada I 25, 287, a dispatch reportedly reached the central authorities in Baghdad stating that Ismail b. Alhmad had captured `Amr al-Saffar and allowed his camp to be looted. The story of `Amr and Ismail was as follows: `Amr had asked the Caliph to appoint him governor of Transoxania, and al-Mu`tadid had done so. While `Amr was staying in Naysabur, al-Mu`tadid sent him robes of honor and the standard indicating his new rank as governor. When `Amr left to fight Ismail b. Ahmad, the latter wrote him, "You are already in control of a wide area, whereas I am in a border region and have only Transoxania. Thus, be satisfied with what you have, and let me stay in this border region!" `Amr refused to give in. When the Oxus and the difficulty of crossing it were mentioned to him, he said, "If I wanted to dam the Oxus with money bags and cross it, I would do it."

Seeing no hope that `Amr would turn back and leave him alone, Ismail gathered his men and the small landowners and village chiefs and crossed the river to the west bank. `Amr then came and encamped at Balkh. Ismail cut off the surrounding region to `Amr, so that he was, in effect, under siege. `Amr now regretted what he had done, and reportedly sought to prevent the outbreak of fighting, but (now) Ismail did not want that. After just a little fighting, `Amr was routed. Turning back, he fled and came to a swamp along the road. Informed that it was a shortcut, he told the rank and file with him to follow the well-marked road, while he himself went with a few people and entered the swamp. His horse became mired in it and fell down. `Amr was now at a loss as to what to do. Those who were with him did not remain but left him. Isma`il 's men came and captured him. When / / the story of `Amr and Ismail was reported to al-Mu`tadid, he reportedly praised Ismail and criticized `Amr.

 

В принципе - целый рад авторов указывал, что на востоке разваливающегося Халифата правители создавали корпуса гулямов не потому, что местное население разучилось держать в руках клинок. А потому, что в местных реалиях контингенты из свободных не всегда было удобно использовать в междоусобных разборках между мусульманскими правителями. Их использование было слишком увязано с идеями джихада. Даже "внешние тюрки", буквально вчера принявшие ислам, уже становились "проблемной целью".

 

У Бейхаки в "Истории Масуда". Капитуляция Нишапура перед Сельджуками в 1038.

Цитата

[Слуга] сообщает, что по прибытии известия о происшествии с хаджибом Субаши, через двенадцать дней, к окраине Нишапура подошел Ибрахим, сын Йинала, и с ним человек двести. Через посланца он устно известил, что он — передовой полк Тогрула, Да'уда и Пайгу. Дескать, ежели хотят драться, то он повернет обратно и известит [об этом], а коли нет, то он войдет в город и переменит хутбу, ибо вслед за ним идет великое войско. Посланца приняли, и в городе началась сумятица. 


Вся знать направилась к дому Кази Са'ида и обратилась к нему: ты, мол, наш предстоятель и предводитель, что скажешь о полученном устном сообщении? Тот ответил: «А как вы думаете, каково ваше намерение?» Они сказали: «Положение города от тебя не скрыто: укреплений нет и [у него] словно песок в глазах, да и жители его не вояки. Эдакую превеликую рать, что была у хаджиба Субаши, и то разбили, чего нам соваться?» — «Вы правильно рассудили, —  промолвил Казн Са'ид, - негоже ра'ийатам подымать руку на войско. У вас есть такой могущественный государь, как эмир Мас'уд, коль скоро это владение для него не без пользы, то он несомненно придет или кого-нибудь пришлет и приберет к рукам. Ныне большой пожар разгорелся, и некая братия омыла руки в крови и грабеже. Остается лишь покориться». 

Далее пересказываются события 1006 года, когда войска Караханидов напали на газневидские Балх и Нишапур.

Цитата

Муваффак, предстоятель знатоков хадисов, и все именитые горожане подтвердили: «Только так и правильно, ибо, ежели  будет сделано иначе, город сразу разграбят, а султан от нас далеко. За это можно попросить извинения, и он согласится». Кази сказал: «В ту пору, когда из Бухары пришли войска илига с Субаши-тегином, жители Балха бились с ними до тех пор, покуда он не учинил резню и погром; а нишапурцы [тогда] сделали то же самое, что и сейчас делается. Когда эмир Махмуд, да будет над ним милость Аллаха, возвратился из Мультана в Газну, пробыл там некоторое время и уладил дела, он направился в Хорасан. Прибыв в Балх и увидев сожженный базар 'Ашикан, который построили по его повелению, он стал порицать балхцев и сказал, дескать, какое дело раийатам до войны. Вот ваш город и разрушили и столь большое доходное предприятие, принадлежащее мне, сожгли. За это с вас должно быть взыскано, но мы прощаем. Смотрите, чтобы вы впредь такого не делали, ибо всякому падишаху, который сильней и требует с вас харадж и вас охраняет, надобно платить харадж и себя соблюдать. Почему, дескать, вы не поглядели на жителей Нишапура и других городов, кои вышли с покорностью? То было правильно, чтобы не случилось грабежа. Почему не посмотрели на другие города, с которых не потребовали хараджа больше, чем его насчитывают?» — «Каемся, — отвечали они, — больше эдакой ошибки не допустим! Сегодня вопрос тот же, что и тогда был». 

 

С другой стороны - 1034-й год. Тот же Нишапур.

Цитата

В четверг, двадцать пятого дня месяца шавваля, из Нишапура приехали вестники с письмами от Ахмада, сына 'Али Нуш-тегина, и от шихне, что между Нишапуром и жителями Туса исстари существовала (нетерпимость [друг к другу]. Когда Сури вознамерился поехать в столицу и [туда] отправился, забытые богом [тусцы] стали искать удобный случай. К ним пришло много зловредного народа, чтобы разграбить Нишапур. Случайно туда прибыл через Тун Ахмад, сын 'Али Нуштегина, спасаясь бегством из Кермана. От стыда он остановился там, и к нему было послано письмо, чтобы он явился ко двору. Еще до его отъезда забытые богом [тусцы] подступили к Нишапуру. Ахмад был человек боевой, бывал саларом, а в конном ристании, игре в чауган и в лапту был  единственным в [свое] время. Поэтому он приготовил прием тусцам. 

Дорогой через Паж-и Хару, Йушкан3 и Халанджуй подошло много народу, большей частью пешего, в беспорядке, начальником их был некий предводитель Таруди из руководителей остатков [семейства] 'Абд ар-Раззаки. [Эти люди] приближались бегом, торопясь, с криками, воплями и шумом, как будто бы все нишапурские караван-сараи растворили ворота и город не спорит и не препятствует тому, чтобы караван уплатил свои пошлины, а тусцы - навьючили бы [товар] и пошли обратно. 


Ахмад, сын 'Али Нуш-тегина, богатырь, услышав об этом и увидев их в полном беспорядке, сказал своим людям: «Клянусь глазом, они сами пришли к своим могилам! Слушайтесь моего приказа и не торопитесь». — «Повелевает эмир, —  ответили они, — а мы слушаемся и повинуемся». Простым людям и черни, коих было свыше двадцати тысяч с оружием, дубинами и камнями, он приказал: «Смотрите не двигайтесь со своих мест и помогайте мне криком, ибо, ежели кучка из вас неосторожно выступит вперед, тусцы ее одолеют. А нишапурцы падут духом, ежели несколько человек из простого народа будут разбиты». — «Сделаем так», — отвечали те, остались на месте и подняли такой крик, словно в день воскресения из мертвых. 


Человек триста конных Ахмад спрятал в засаде, в местах, окруженных стенами, и сказал им: «Будьте наготове и внимательны и прислушивайтесь ко мне — как только тусцы подойдут вплотную, я выйду навстречу, схвачусь с ними легонько, потом поверну назад и отступлю, чтобы руководителей их по-боле раззадорить и они бы подумали, что я обратился в бегство. Я же спокойно их завлеку, покуда они не пройдут мимо вас. Как только они пройдут, я повернусь и стану крепко. Когда бой разгорится и вы услышите рог, барабаны и крик нишапурцев, то выскакивайте из засады, и нам поможет господь бог, да славится поминание его, ибо знаю, что таким верным способом, который я придумал, победа будет за нами».— «Сделаем так», — ответили они. 


Ахмад ушел с места засады и удалился к полю, где [была] таможенная застава майдана 'Абд ар-Раззака, и построил в боевой порядок свою пехоту и конницу: полки правой и левой руки, большой полк, оба крыла и сторожевой полкЧеловек пятьдесят всадников на добрых конях он послал в передовой полк и в разъезды. Раздался клич «велик Аллах!», и послышалось чтение Корана. В городе была большая суматоха. К часу пополуденной молитвы подошли тусцыпревеликое множество народа, словно муравьи и саранча. От их совокупности отделились человек триста конных разного рода и пеших тысяч пять-шесть, вооруженных, и поспешно двинулись вперед, а прочие остановилисьАхмад медленно пошел навстречу и с ним сотни четыре конных и тысячи две пеших. Продвинувшись, вперед за место засады, он застал свой передовой полк вступившим в жаркую схватку с головным отрядом тусцев. Потом оба войска завязали сражение, сражение жестокое, с рукопашным делом. Оно длилось некоторое время, и с обеих сторон было убито сколько-то человек, а раненым не было счета. 


K тусцам подошла подмога. Ахмад отдал приказ своим пехотинцам — он так с ними условился, — чтобы они начали  отступать. Они спокойно отходили, тусцы, увидев такое, стали наседать смелее. Ахмад с боем отступал назад, покуда не понял, что миновал далеко место засады. Тут он оказал сильнейшее сопротивление. К нему примкнули свежие всадники и пехотинцы, которых он оставил в сторожевом полку. Сражение разгорелось еще сильней. Ахмад приказал затрубить вдруг в рога и забить в барабаны, а простым людям и черни разом поднять шум, так что казалось, земля разверзлась. И из засады появились отдохнувшие всадники, затрубили в рога, и раздался боевой клич. Тусцев охватили спереди и сзади. Порядок [их] расстроился, они запутались, растерялись, бросились бежать и обрушились на остальных, подходивших с тыла, и больше уже никто не стоял друг за друга. Нишапурцы смело преследовали их и столько перебили, что не было ни меры, ни числа, потому что в смятении бегства и в страхе пред нишапурцами за свою жизнь они кинулись в виноградники и сады, побросав оружие. Нишапурцы отправились в виноградники и сады, хватали тусцев за бороду, вытаскивали и отсекали им голову. Видели, например, как пять-шесть женщин в нижних садах извлекли человек двадцать с лишним тусских мужиков и наделяли их оплеухами. Ахмад, сын 'Али Нуш-тегина, с самыми отборными всадниками преследовал тех забытых богом до Халанджуя в трех фарсангах от города. Многих из них они убили и захватили в плен и с победой и славой, с добычей, животными и множеством оружия вернулись обратно в город в час вечерней молитвы. На другой день он велел соорудить виселицы, и многих тусцев на них повесили. Головы других убитых собрали и сложили у подножия виселиц, а толпу людей, казавшихся слабыми, отпустили. Большую силу приобрели нишапурцы, тусцы уже больше и смотреть на них не решались. Эмир, да будет им доволен  Аллах, был признателен Ахмаду за совершенный им подвиг, и по этой причине с него упала дурная слава за поражение в Кермане. 

Того 700 конных и 2000 пеших, нишапурцев аж 20 тысяч. Так-то "сторожевые" полки это у Бейхаки охрана тыла и обоза, резервы. С "крыльями" не особо понятно. По русскому переводу у меня сложилось впечатление, что это не крайние полки правого и левого крыла, а крайние полки центра. Также как и передовой и сторожевой полки - тоже, чаще всего, связаны с центром, прикрывая его сзади и спереди. Возможно, что они и не вполне "самостоятельные". Сокращенное описание боевых порядков, чаще всего, это правый, левый полки, центр и сторожевой (охрана обоза).

В примечаниях переводчика указано следующее

полк большой - калб

полк запасный - майадар 

полк левой руки - майсара

полк правой руки - маймана

полк передовой - мукаддама 

полк сторожевой - саке

крыло, фланг боевого построения - джанах 

 

До того

Цитата

Эмир затребовал реестры войскового состава, явился 'ар'из, и с Ахмадом назначили четыре тысячи конныхдве тысячи индийцев, тысячу турок и тысячу курдов и арабов, а также пятьсот пехотинцев разного рода. Систанскому 'амилю 'было написано, чтобы он приготовил две тысячи пеших сегзийцев и месячное жалованье для них, а то, что им полагается, выдаст Бу-л-Фарадж из доходов с Кермана. 

Цитата

... попросили помочь [им] и сказали: «Хорасанское войско держится беспечно и занято злодейством. Надобно прислать отряд конницы с почтенным саларом, дабы ра'ииаты выступили и мы избавились от насилия хорасанцев и их изгнали». Сын Макийа и хаджиб  багдадского эмира неожиданно отправились с конницей тысяч до пяти, да в дороге к ним пристало еще тысяч до пяти храбрецов. Они вдруг приблизились к Керману и вошли [в него] с двух сторон. В Нармашире произошел большой бой. Ра'ийаты все купно выступили против хорасанского войска. Ахмад, сын 'Али Нуш-тегина, бился славно, однако индийцы проявили слабость и обратились в бегство. Прочие пали духом, и Ахмаду поневоле пришлось отступить. Он с толпой своих собственных людей и султанским войском через Каик пришел в Нишапур. [Другая] толпа пропала в Кермане, а индийцы пошли в Си-стан и оттуда в Газну. 

 

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Из Ибн ал-Асира

Цитата

His fear arose mostly on account of the shortcoming of the Turkoman cavalry and the excellence of the Frankish cavalry. lghazi therefore raised the siege, so the Franks moved from their position and escaped. lghazi could not remain long in Frankish territory because it was through their desire for booty that he had brought the Turkomans together. Each one of them would arrive with a bag of wheat and a sheep and would count the hours until he could take some quick booty and then go home. If their stay was extended, they would disperse. lghazi did not have money that he could distribute to them.

 

Из него же. Битва при Дидгори.

Цитата

During this year the Georgians, otherwise the Jurz, invaded the lands of Islam. They used to carry out raids in the past but they stopped them in the reign of Sultan Malikshåh and until the end of the reign of Sultan Mu˙ammad. However, when this year came, they invaded, accompanied by the Qipjaqs and other neighbouring peoples. The emirs, who were neighbours of the Georgian lands, gathered together after an exchange of correspondence, namely, Emir Ighazi, Dubays ibn Sadaqa, who was with the former at the time, Prince Tughril ibn Mu˙ammad and his atabeg, Kuntughdi. Tughril held the area of Arran and Nakhchevan as far as the Araxes. They gathered together and marched against the Georgians. When they approached Tiflis  - and the Muslims were in a large force that reached 30,000  - they met and both sides drew up their lines for battle. Two hundred men of the Qipjaqs came forward. The Muslims thought that they were seeking terms and took no precautions against them. They mingled with the Muslims, shot their arrows and caused confusion in the Muslim line. Those at some distance thought that it was a defeat and fled. Our men followed one another in a rout and because of the tight press of men trampled on one another. A great many of them were killed. The infidels pursued them for ten leagues, killing and taking prisoners. Most were killed but 4,000 men were made captive. Prince Tughril, Ighazi and Dubays escaped. 

Эмир Мардина Ильгази. Тугрилу II тогда лет где-то 12, там важнее роль его атабека, насколько понимаю. Мазъяридский эмир из Ирака Дубайс II. 

В принципе - другим числам, которые называет сам Асир, эти данные не противоречат (на Кровавое поле Ильгази парой лет ранее вывел у него 20 тысяч). И для него это большое войско, царю под стать. Армии Тутуша, Баркиярука, Санджара и прочих у него - 20-30-50 тысяч. С другой стороны - ибн аль-Асир не особый минималист, поэтому "30 тысяч" имеет смысл рассматривать скорее как верхнюю оценку. Когда его рассказ касается Малой Азии, Андалуса или Средней Азии - там, временами, начинают армии в сотни тысяч шнырять.

 

Баркиярук против Мухаммада, 1100 год, район Хамадана. 

Цитата

With Mu˙ammad there were about 20,000 soldiers. Mu˙ammad was in the centre with Emir Sarmaz. On the right wing was the Marshal of the Horse with his son, Ayåz, and on the left Mu’ayyad al-Mulk and the Nizåmiyya. Sultan Barkyåruq was also in his centre with his vizier al-A‘azz Ab¥’l-Ma˙åsin, while Goharå’•n, ‘Izz al-Dawla ibn Íadaqa ibn Mazyad and Surkhåb ibn Badr were on
his right wing and Karbughå and others on his left. Goharå’•n from Barkyåruq’s right wing attacked Mu˙ammad’s left, where were Mu’ayyad al-Mulk and the NiΩåmiyya. The latter broke and Barkyåruq’s army entered their tents and plundered them. However, Mu˙ammad’s right charged Barkyåruq’s left, which was routed. Mu˙ammad’s right wing joined him in the centre to attack Barkyåruq and those with him. Barkyåruq fled and Mu˙ammad took his position. When Goharå’•n returned from his pursuit of the fugitives he had routed, his horse stumbled and brought him down. A Khurasanian came and killed him, taking his head. Barkyåruq’s troops scattered and he himself was left with fifty horsemen.

По сути - мало чем отличается от Второй битвы при Хомсе. 

 

Цитата

After Barkyåruq was defeated by his brother Sultan Mu˙ammad he travelled for a little, accompanied by fifty mounted men, and then stopped at ‘Utuma where he rested. He then set out for Rayy and sent to those he knew wanted him and preferred his rule. He summoned them and a sizeable number assembled around him.

Цитата

The battle between Barkyåruq and his brother Sanjar took place outside al-Nawshajån. Emir Buzghush was on Sanjar’s right wing, Emir Kundkuz on his left and Emir Rustam in the centre. Barkyåruq charged Rustam and slew him with a lance thrust. His men and Sanjar’s men fled. While Barkyåruq’s troops occupied themselves with plunder, Buzghush and Kundkuz charged and slew them as they fled. The infantry fled towards a pass between two mountains. A flood of water was released against them, which destroyed them. Barkyåruq’s men suffered a rout. He himself had seized his brother Sanjar’s mother when Sanjar’s troops first ran away. She feared that he would kill her in revenge for his mother but he summoned her to him and put her mind at ease. He said, ‘I have only taken you until my brother Sanjar releases the prisoners he has. You are not the equal of my mother for me to kill you.’ Upon Sanjar’s release of his prisoners Barkyåruq freed her.

Цитата

Barkyåruq went to Jurjån and then to Dåmghån, travelling by the desert. He was sighted in certain places with seventeen horsemen and one dromedary. Later his company grew larger and he came to have 3,000 horsemen, with Jåwl• Saqao amongst others. 

 

Цитата

Mu˙ammad marched to confront his brother. When the two armies were near to one another, Emir Surkhåb ibn Kaykhusro, lord of Åveh, defected to Sultan Barkyåruq who received him with honour. The battle took place on 3 Jumådå II [5 April]. With Barkyåruq were 50,000, while his brother Mu˙ammad had 15,000. They met and fought all that day. Detachment after detachment of Mu˙ammad’s army defected to Barkyåruq, who rewarded them with largess. A remarkable sign of his coming victory had been that, when Barkyåruq’s infantry were in need of shields, on the morning of the day of battle twelve loads of weapons arrived from Isfahan, of which eight contained shields which were distributed to the troops. When they arrived Barkyåruq dismounted and prayed two rak‘as in gratitude to God Almighty. The fighting continued until the end of the day and then Sultan Mu˙ammad and his troops broke. Mu’ayyad al-Mulk was taken prisoner by a mamluke of Majd al-Mulk al-Balåsån• and was brought before Barkyåruq who upbraided him and listed how he had treated him, how he had slandered his mother at one time, accused him of following the Bå†in• creed at another, urged his brother Mu˙ammad to rebel against him and himself thrown off his allegiance and other matters. Mu’ayyad al-Mulk remained silent without a word in response. Barkyåruq slew him with his own hand and for several days he was left lying on the ground until Emir Ayåz asked if he could bury him, which was allowed. He was carried to his father’s mausoleum in Isfahan and buried with him. He was a miser and treated the emirs badly. However, he was very cunning and full of guile in improving the authority of the state. At the time he was killed he was about fifty years old.

Цитата

When Barkyåruq was at Rayy after the defeat of his brother Mu˙ammad, many troops joined him until he had about 100,000 cavalry. Provisions became in short supply, so the army split up. 

 

Цитата

The numbers of the two forces were balanced, each army being 10,000 horsemen. When they ranged opposite one another, Emir Surkhåb ibn Kaykhusro the Daylam•, lord of Åveh, charged Emir Yinål and routed him. The whole army of Mu˙ammad followed him in rout and were scattered. Most of them went towards T$abaristån. In this battle only one person was killed and that not in the
heat of battle. A section of the defeated fled in the direction of Qazw•n. Mu˙ammad’s treasure chests were plundered, while he with a small detachment went to Isfahan, himself carrying his standard so that his men would follow him.

 

Цитата

Mu˙ammad ordered the moat to be made deeper until water rose in it. He entrusted a gate to each emir. He had with him in the city 1,100 horse and 500 foot and he set up trebuchets. Hearing that his brother Mu˙ammad had gone to Isfahan, Sultan Barkyåruq followed him and arrived in Jumådå I [21 February - 22 March 1102] with his large army, more than 15,000 horse and 100,000 auxiliaries. He put the city under siege and pressed it hard.

 

Цитата

After Mu˙ammad had left Isfahan, more than 100,000 men, criminals, peasants and plunder-seekers, gathered and assaulted the city with ladders and siege towers.

 

Цитата

Hearing of his near approach, Arslånshåh released the envoy. Sanjar arrived at Ghazna and a battle followed between them one league from Ghazna in the open country around Shahråbådh. Arslånshåh led 30,000 cavalry and a great host of infantry. He also had 120 elephants with four persons on each elephant. The elephants charged the centre, where Sanjar was, and his men gave way. Sanjar told his Turkish mamlukes to shoot arrows at the elephants. Three thousand mamlukes advanced and released one complete volley at the elephants, killing a number of them. The [remaining] elephants veered away from the centre to the left wing, where was Ab¥’l-Fa∂l, lord of Sijistån, and ran them down. The left wing was weakened but Ab¥’l-Fa∂l encouraged them and told them how fearful defeat would be so far from their homelands. He himself dismounted from his horse and charged the biggest and leading elephant. He went beneath it and split open its belly. He also killed two other elephants. Emir Unur on the right wing saw the fighting the left wing were engaged in and was fearful for them. He charged behind the army of Ghazna and made for the left wing, mingled with them and brought them support. Defeat came upon the Ghaznavid troops. Those mounted on the elephants had tied themselves on with chains. When they felt the bite of battle and the sword went to work amongst them, they threw themselves down and were left hanging from them. On 20 Shawwål in the year 510 [25 February 1117] Sanjar entered Ghazna, accompanied by Bahråmshåh. 

 

Цитата

The Khurasanian army was 20,000 strong and had with it eighteen elephants, the name of whose lead elephant was Bådhh¥. ...
Sultan Ma˙m¥d’s army was 30,000 strong and among his senior emirs were Emir ‘Al• ibn ‘Umar the chamberlain, Emir Mank¥bars, Atabeg Ghuzoghlu, the sons of Bursuq, [Aq]sunqur al-Bukhår• and Qaråja al-Såq•. The army had nine hundred loads of armaments. Ma˙m¥d’s army because of their numbers, their valour and the quantity of their cavalry made light of his uncle’s troops. When they met, the spirit of the Khurasanians failed when they saw the power and size of the opposing army. Sanjar’s right and left wing broke and his men fell into confusion and great disarray. They fled the field, not stopping for anything. A large amount of their baggage was plundered and the local peasantry killed many of them. Sanjar stood amongst the elephants with a detachment of his followers, facing Sultan Ma˙m¥d who had Atabeg Ghuzoghlu with him. Forced by necessity when the crisis really threatened him, Sanjar ordered the elephants to be brought forward to battle. Those men that remained with him advised flight but he said, ‘Victory or death, but flight  - never!’ When the elephants advanced and Ma˙m¥d’s horses saw them, they turned tail with their riders. Sanjar was anxious for Sultan Ma˙m¥d at this juncture and said to his men, ‘Do not frighten the boy with elephant charges’, so they restrained them. Ma˙m¥d and those with him in the centre fled. ... When Sanjar’s victorious triumph was complete, he sent after his men who had fled to bring them back.

 

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Hugh Kennedy. The Great Arab Conquests.

Цитата

Samarqand was ruled by its new king, Ghurak, who was determined to put up a stiff resistance to the Arabs. Qutayba's army is said to have consisted of 20,000 men, one of the largest forces the Muslims ever fielded in Transoxania. A considerable proportion of  them were local recruits from Khwarazm and Bukhara, but it is not clear whether they were converts to Islam joining in the jihad, mercenaries or men pressed into fighting against their will. At first Qutayba seems to have made an attempt to surprise the defenders by sending his brother back to Merv, giving the impression that the campaigns were over for that year, but the defenders were not deceived.

У Табари иначе.

Цитата

On the morning of the next day he summoned 'Abd al-Rahman ( b. Muslim ] and said , "Go with the horsemen and archers and take the baggage to Marw." The baggage was sent off in the direction of Marw , and 'Abd al-Rabman spent all that day following it, heading for Marw. In the evening , [Qutaybah ] wrote to him, "In the morning, send the baggage to Marw and go with the horsemen and archers to Soghd. Keep [ this] information secret. I shall be following [you ]." ['Ali]-said: When [this instruction] reached'Abd al-Rabman, he ordered the people in charge of the baggage to go on to Marw, and he went where he [himself] had been ordered to go. ... ['Ali] said: Qutaybah reached Soghd - 'Abd al-Rahman had reached it before him - with twenty thousand [men].626 Qutaybah reached it, accompanied by Khwarazmians and Bukharans, three or four nights after 'Abd al -Rahman had stopped there, and said , "When we light on a people' s courtyard, how evil will be the morning of them that are warned ."

Цитата

626. Alternatively, the 20,000 men were with 'Abd al-Rahman.

То есть - 20 тысяч упомянуты, но с кем они были - не ясно.

 

Парой лет позднее в списках хорасанского дивана значились 54 тысячи, из них 7 тысяч неарабов.

Цитата

In Khurasan there were at that time nine thousand warriors from the Baran army representing the Ahl al-'Aliyah; seven thousand from the Bakr, headed by al-Huclayn b. al-Mundhir; ten thousand from the Tamim, led by Dirar b. Hugayn al-Dabbi; four thousand from the 'Abd al-Qays, led by 'Abdallah b. 'Alwan al-'Awdhi; and ten thousand from the Azd, headed by 'Abdallah b. Hawdhan. There were seven thousand from the Kufan army, led by Jahm b. Zalir or 'Ubaydallah b. 'Ali, and seven thousand of the clients (mawali), led by Hayyan. Some say that Hayyan is from al-Daylam, while others say that he is from Khurasan. He is called "Nabati" (the Nabataean) because of his mispronunciation of Arabic.

О численности местных контингентов можно судить вот по этому сообщению о походе на Фергану

Цитата

'Ali b. Muhammad said that Abu al-Fawaris al-Tamimi informed him on the authority of Mahan and Yunus b. Abi Ishaq that Qutaybah campaigned in the year 94. When he crossed the river, he imposed a levy of twenty thousand fighting men on the people of Bukhara, Kish, Nasaf, and Khwarazm.

 

Пометка - Кеннеди указывает, что после кризиса Тюргешского каганата в конце 730-х следующее значительное государственное образование тюрок в Средней Азии сложится только через два века. Насколько понимаю - он имеет ввиду Караханидов.

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      - The Ethics of Anthropology and Amerindian Research. Reporting on Environmental Degradation and Warfare. 2012
      - Empires and Indigenes: Intercultural Alliance, Imperial Expansion, and Warfare in the Early Modern World. 2011
      - A. Gat. War in Human Civilization.
      - Keith F. Otterbein. Killing of Captured Enemies: A Cross‐cultural Study.
      - Azar Gat. The Causes and Origins of "Primitive Warfare": Reply to Ferguson.
      - Azar Gat. The Pattern of Fighting in Simple, Small-Scale, Prestate Societies.
      - Lawrence H. Keeley. War Before Civilization: the Myth of the Peaceful Savage.
      - Keith F. Otterbein. Warfare and Its Relationship to the Origins of Agriculture.
      - Jonathan Haas. Warfare and the Evolution of Culture.
      - М. Дэйви. Эволюция войн.
      - War in the Tribal Zone. Expanding States and Indigenous Warfare. Edited by R. Brian Ferguson and Neil L. Whitehead.
      - The Ending of Tribal Wars: Configurations and Processes of Pacification. 2021 Тут
      - I.J.N. Thorpe. Anthropology, Archaeology, and the Origin of Warfare.
      - Антропология насилия. Новосибирск. 2010.
      - Jean Guilaine and Jean Zammit. The origins of war: violence in prehistory. 2005. Французское издание было в 2001 году - le Sentier de la Guerre: Visages de la violence préhistorique.
      - Warfare in Bronze Age Society. 2018
      - Ian Armit. Headhunting and the Body in Iron Age Europe. 2012
      - The Cambridge World History of Violence. Vol. I-IV. 2020

    • Военная мысль конца 19 - начала 20 века.
      Автор: hoplit
      Военная мысль конца 19 - начала 20 века. 
      Статьи. Пехота.
      - Chad R. Gaudet. Baptisms of Fire: How Training, Equipment, and Ideas about the Nation Shaped the British, French, and German Soldiers' Experiences of War in 1914.. 2009.
      - Joseph C. Arnold. French Tactical Doctrine 1870-1914 // Military Affairs,  Vol. 42, No. 2 (Apr., 1978), pp. 61-67.
      - Steven Jackman. Shoulder to Shoulder: Close Control and “Old Prussian Drill” in German Offensive Infantry Tactics, 1871–1914 // The Journal of Military History, Volume 68, Number 1, January 2004, pp. 73-104.
      - Jonathan M. House. The Decisive Attack: A New Look at French Infantry Tactics on the Eve of World War I // Military Affairs,  Vol. 40, No. 4 (Dec., 1976), pp. 164-169.
      - Geoffrey Wawro. An "Army of Pigs": The Technical, Social, and Political Bases of Austrian Shock Tactics, 1859-
      1866 // The Journal of Military History,  Vol. 59, No. 3 (Jul., 1995), pp. 407-433.
      - T. H. E. Travers. The Offensive and the Problem of Innovation in British Military Thought 1870-1915 //  Journal of Contemporary History,  Vol. 13, No. 3 (Jul., 1978), pp. 531-553.
      - Spencer Jones, The Influence of the Boer War (1899–1902) on the Tactical Development of the Regular British Army 1902–1914. 2009.
      - John K. Mahon. Civil War Infantry Assault Tactics // Military Affairs,  Vol. 25, No. 2, Civil War Issue (Summer, 1961), pp. 57-68.
      - Thomas A. Bruno. Ignoring the Obvious: Combined Arms and Fire and Maneuver Tactics Prior to World War I. 2002.
      - О.Р. Кушнир. «Гуманные убийцы» (О взглядах начала XX века на поражающую способность винтовочных пуль) // Война и оружие. 2014.  Сс. 503-517.
    • Военное дело аборигенов Филиппинских островов.
      Автор: hoplit
      Laura Lee Junker. Warrior burials and the nature of warfare in pre-Hispanic Philippine chiefdoms //  Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society, Vol. 27, No. 1/2, SPECIAL ISSUE: NEW EXCAVATION, ANALYSIS AND PREHISTORICAL INTERPRETATION IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN ARCHAEOLOGY (March/June 1999), pp. 24-58.
      Jose Amiel Angeles. The Battle of Mactan and the Indegenous Discourse on War // Philippine Studies vol. 55, no. 1 (2007): 3–52.
      Victor Lieberman. Some Comparative Thoughts on Premodern Southeast Asian Warfare //  Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient,  Vol. 46, No. 2, Aspects of Warfare in Premodern Southeast Asia (2003), pp. 215-225.
      Robert J. Antony. Turbulent Waters: Sea Raiding in Early Modern South East Asia // The Mariner’s Mirror 99:1 (February 2013), 23–38.
       
      Thomas M. Kiefer. Modes of Social Action in Armed Combat: Affect, Tradition and Reason in Tausug Private Warfare // Man New Series, Vol. 5, No. 4 (Dec., 1970), pp. 586-596
      Thomas M. Kiefer. Reciprocity and Revenge in the Philippines: Some Preliminary Remarks about the Tausug of Jolo // Philippine Sociological Review. Vol. 16, No. 3/4 (JULY-OCTOBER, 1968), pp. 124-131
      Thomas M. Kiefer. Parrang Sabbil: Ritual suicide among the Tausug of Jolo // Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. Deel 129, 1ste Afl., ANTHROPOLOGICA XV (1973), pp. 108-123
      Thomas M. Kiefer. Institutionalized Friendship and Warfare among the Tausug of Jolo // Ethnology. Vol. 7, No. 3 (Jul., 1968), pp. 225-244
      Thomas M. Kiefer. Power, Politics and Guns in Jolo: The Influence of Modern Weapons on Tao-Sug Legal and Economic Institutions // Philippine Sociological Review. Vol. 15, No. 1/2, Proceedings of the Fifth Visayas-Mindanao Convention: Philippine Sociological Society May 1-2, 1967 (JANUARY-APRIL, 1967), pp. 21-29
      Armando L. Tan. Shame, Reciprocity and Revenge: Some Reflections on the Ideological Basis of Tausug Conflict // Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. Vol. 9, No. 4 (December 1981), pp. 294-300.
       
      Linda A. Newson. Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines. 2009.
      William Henry Scott. Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society. 1994.
      Laura Lee Junker. Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms. 1999.
      Vic Hurley. Swish Of The Kris: The Story Of The Moros. 1936. 
       
      Peter Bellwood. First Islanders. Prehistory and Human Migration in Island Southeast Asia. 2017
      Peter S. Bellwood. The Austronesians. Historical and Comparative Perspectives. 2006 (1995)
      Peter Bellwood. Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago. 2007 (первое издание - 1985, переработанное издание - 1997, это второе издание переработанного издания).
      Kirch, Patrick Vinton. On the Road of the Winds. An Archaeological History of the Pacific Islands. 2017. Это второе издание, расширенное и переработанное.
      Marshall David Sahlins. Social stratification in Polynesia. 1958 Тут.
      D. K. Feil. The evolution of highland Papua New Guinea societies. 1987