93 сообщения в этой теме

В США как раз шли серьезные войсковые испытания дромадерии. Пытались перенять лучшее, чтобы загнать индейцев на пальму.

Колумбари, кстати, со своим знанием замбуреков, пришелся очень им кстати. Правда, потом далее крупномасштабных экспериментов ничего не пошло.

 

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Шпоры из Нигении. С сайте Британского музея. Предположительно - хауса, район Кано.

Шпоры такого типа - довольно обычны в регионе.

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А это манде из Гамбии.

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Еще хауса. A.J.N. Tremearne. Hausa superstitions and customs. 1913 И тут еще.

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Вообще - хорошая подборка есть в Robin Law. The Horse in West African History. 2018. Но сохранить не додумался, а сейчас гугл нужные страницы не кажет. =/

 

Это вот про аборигенов с Jos Plateau. Эта публика даже в 20-м веке ездила на древний манер - без стремян и нормальных седел. Зачастую - и без уздечки, как таковой.

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А это уже об "исламской седловке", которая распространилась в Сахеле в 13-15 веке.

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Седла, мундштучные удила, стремена-шпоры. Что интересно - тут, похоже, длинные стилетообразные шпоры распространения не получили.

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Господа, никто не подскажет?

Есть такая вот иллюстрация.

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Она из третьего тома Friedrich Ratzel. Völkerkunde. Тут. Английские перевод - The history of mankind. Тут. Издания, кстати, просто чудные - масса великолепных иллюстраций. Там черным по белому написано, что "after Denham". В немецком издании страницей ранее конный кольчужник из войска эмира Борну и воин канембу, перерисованные из Dixon Denham. "Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa" с ровно такими же примечаниями - "Nach Denham".

Но я не могу найти эту иллюстрацию в оригинальной книге. То ли издание не то, то ли еще что. Никто ее не видел?

 

P.S. Насколько понимаю - на этом фото кираса надета под "ватником".

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Уважаемый М. Нечитайлов ссылкой поделился - это, оказывается из французского издания, "Атлас" с иллюстрациями к тексту. Voyages et découvertes dans le Nord et dans les parties centrales de l'Afrique ... par le major Denham, le capitaine Clapperton, et feu le docteur Oudney. 1826. Вот тут.

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Aulad Hamid Arabs in chain-armour

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Это фото Х. Бернацика. Книга, на счастье, тоже доступна. На "архивах" есть несколько книг с его фотографиями.

Hugo Adolf Bernatzik. The Dark Continent. Africa, the Landscape and the People. 1931 Тут

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Еще вот к этому

Robin Law. The Horse in West African History. 2018 Первое издание было в 1980-м. (P.S. А месяц назад она и в полном доступе появилась).

Конское убранство "исламского" типа.

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Цитата

The saddle consists of a wooden tree, padded with cushions stuffed with kapok and covered with leather. The usual form of saddle in West Africa, as in the islamic world generally, has very high peaks in front and behind (see Fig. 3). Saddles of this form are reported by European observers in the nineteenth century from areas all over West Africa — for example, Hausaland, Nupe, Yorubaland, Igala, Futa Jallon, and the Gambia. There were regional variations in the detailed style of saddles of this general type. In northern Nigeria, saddles with curved pommels (called barkare in Kanuri, and bagariye in Hausa see Fig. 3b). are associated especially with Borno, while the saddles manufactured in Hausaland generally have straight pommels; (see Fig. 3a). Saddles with curved pommels are also reported in the western parts of West Africa, for example from Diara. In the Mossi country in the 1880s, Binger noted the use of saddles of Mande, Fulani, and Songhai style, but unfortunately he does not make clear the differences between them: the Mande saddle, however, is described as small, and the Songhai saddle as having an especially high cantle.


In northern Nigeria, a somewhat different style of saddle, having a high pommel but a low cantle, is associated with the Tuareg of the Air region (see Fig. 3c). 63 Barth in the 1850s seems to refer to saddles of this form when he describes horsemen from Agades in Air as using saddles 'nearly the same as the old Arab saddle which differs little from the English'. Saddles of this form were also used by some other peoples of the southern Sahara. Lyon in the early nineteenth century found the Tubu using saddles 'resembling in some respects our English ones, but . . . smaller and [with] a high peak in front', and an account of the late eighteenth century reports the use in Timbuktu of saddles with a peak in front but none behind. 

 

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1 пользователю понравилось это

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Captain Charles Guillain. Обследовал побережье Восточной Африки в 1846-8. Тут

Оманцы

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Сомалийцы

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James Baillie Fraser. Narrative of a Journey Into Khorasān: In the Years 1821 and 1822. 1825

Бои с оманцами в 1820-м.

Цитата

In advancing, the 7th regiment was directed to oblique to the left, to uncover its left wing; but only about two companies were so uncovered, when part of the light company of the 65th thrown out to observe, retired; andjthe enemy, probably from eight hundred to a thousand in number, with their characteristic gallantry, came bounding out sword in hand, to anticipate our attack: they were received with a rolling fire that destroyed numbers, but which had no perceptible effect in checking the advance of  those who did not fall; who continued to press on chiefly towards the left of the brigade, passing along the whole line of its front to do so. Their gestures, their flourishing of swords, their shouting, their energetic movements, were barbarously magnificent, and as full of the circumstance as destitute of  the pomp of glorious  war. I know not what  to compare this attack to, unless it be worthy of being placed by that of the Highlanders at Preston Pans; the same mode of warfare was followed, and the same admirable weapon, the broad sword, was used with mortal effect. When the vigour of the attack was exhausted, the enemy withdrew; but there was no precipitation, no undue haste, to offer a contrast to their advance: before the firing had entirely ceased, women were to be seen walking among the dead and dying, totally regardless of the danger that surrounded them; their object was to drag off their friends, who had been killed or wounded; an office almost invariably performed for each other by the Arabs. It seems probable, that some women were actually engaged in the attack, for there were two or three among the killed, and many were wounded.

Цитата

All who witnessed this extraordinary attack, concur in declaring, that more determined courage, and self-devoting resolution, never was displayed by any men than by the  Ben-i-boo- Allee Arabs on this day. Not only were they totally unchecked in their advance, by the heavy and well sustained fire, which mowed them down in multitudes every instant, but despising the lines of bayonets opposed to them, they threw themselves upon the troops, seizing their weapons with both their hands to break the ranks, and sacrificed themselves to cut down their enemy, even with his bayonet sticking in their bodies. That they partially succeeded in this daring purpose, is sufficiently clear from this, that all of our troops who fell were cut down with the broad sword, the match-lock being scarcely used during the whole affair. It is no slight proof of the steadiness and discipline of our Indian troops, that although out flanked, broken, and pressed back, under the uncommon vigour of the attack, with their furious and powerful foes using their weapons with tremendous effect among them, they never showed the slightest disposition to disperse or retreat, even for a moment.

"Варварское великолепие" вылилось в соотношение по убитым 1 к 10 или 1 к 15. =/

 

James Raymond Wellsted. Travels in Arabia. 1838. Оман, главным образом (горные, пустынные и городские арабы)

Раз.

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Два.

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Три.

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Четыре.

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Красноморские арабы. Тут.

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Африка. Тут

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Побережье Сомали. Тут

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Манера боя.

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Йемен. Тут

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Richard Francis Burton. First Footsteps in East Africa: Or, An Explanation of Harar. 1856 Тут

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Еще

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Бартон сравнивает копья сомалийцев с ассегаями Южной Африки. При этом указывает, что качество железа у сомалийцев ХУЖЕ, чем у кафров.

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Полувеком позднее - Official history of the operations in Somaliland, 1901-04

Цитата

The sword has a double-edged pointed blade of soft iron, 2 feet long and 2 inches in maximum breadth ...

 

Дротики - небольшие, в бою редко мечут далее чем на 6-7 футов (при этом в упражнениях и 12 ярдов - "не дистанция" для броска в цель). Отмечено, что от них местные довольно легко уворачиваются.

izobrazhenie_2022-10-14_205815213.thumb.

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Цитата

The spears are of a dozen different shapes, of which, however, two are most commonly used. One is a small spear, plain, or barbed like a fish-hook, and used for throwing at a distance of 25 to 30 yards on foot, and at a dozen more on horseback. The other, a ponderous, laurel-leaf shaped spear is used for close quarters, especially against horses. The Ishak tribes, who are mounted, generally carry one of each of these two kinds of spears; but the Isa, who fight only on foot, use the long stabbing spear alone. The Mijjarten also use a club (weger), 18 inches long.

 

Щиты.

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Цитата

The shield — of rhinoceros, bullock or preferably oryx hide cut from the skin over the antelope's withers — is a round disc, 15 to 16 inches in diameter, with a boss in the centre and handle at back. It Is proof against spears and arrows only.

 

Кони и седловка. Тут.

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Воинские привычки. По Бартону, в общем, типичные любители "войны без риска". Тутizobrazhenie_2022-10-15_002643657.thumb.

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С другой стороны - во время восстания Саида Хасана ("Безумный мулла") его мюриды лезли на пулеметы.

Цитата

... the enemy showing much courage and persistence, one man and horse being killed within 12 yards of the circle. ... In spite of the fire of the troops and maxims the enemy frequently came up as close as 10 yards from the square.

Ну и роту при двух "максимах" они разок на копья таки взяли.

Тактика

Цитата

Light skirmishing raids and surprises are the characteristics of Somah tribal warfare. The Isa, who have no horses and fight on foot, are distinguished from the other tribes by their fondness for night attacks and ambuscades, and by the determination which they show in pushing their attacks.

Цитата

Nothing is carried by the riders on their ponies, which are invariably used on raids, beyond a small water bottle and some sun-dried meat. The return march is made in scattered parties as rapidly as the raided camels, sheep, sc., can travel, and is protected by a strong rear gnard.

Цитата

When a collision does take place the order of battle is generally as follows: — The spearmen form the first line in single rank at one pace interval; on the flanks are the horsemen who are, as a rule, tribal elders, and the slingers and riflemen, if any; in the second line follow the Midgan archers or additional spearmen. Aa the hostile forces approach one another, the horsemen, slingers and riflemen first come into action; then the small spears are thrown backwards and forwards until the combatants are within a few yards, when a rush is made, and the long spear, and then the sword (and club) are used. In attacking a zaribaed convoy an effort is frequently made to stampede the animals or to utilise them as cover for pressing the attack home, more particularly at night. But, as has already been noted, night attacks are not favoured by the Ishak and Darud Somalis, except in small raiding parties, mutual distrust probably preventing sub-tribes combining for night attacks on a large scale,

Мадибан - одна из низших каст у сомалийцев. Они как раз луки и использовали, которые не считались благородным оружием.

Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho. Первое издание было в 1955-м, это четвертое. Тут

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Так - почти все данные об оружии взяты из Nello Puccioni. Le Popolazioni Indigene della Somalia Italiana. Manuali Coloniali. 1937. Тут

Данакиль.

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Дополнительно - B.G. Martin. Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa. 1976

Еще - Chris Peers. The African Wars. Warriors And Soldiers Of The Colonial Campaigns. 2010. Довольно удобно искать базовые источники.

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John Lewis Burckhardt. Travels in Nubia. 1819

Нубийцы. Раз

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Беджа. Тут

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Суакинцы. Тут

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Арабы Sheygya из Донголы. Тут

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Арабы Meyrefab. Тут

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Арабы (или арабизированные беджа) Abadbe. Тут

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Seymour Vandeleur. Campaigning on the Upper Nile and Niger. 1898

Обеспечение патронами. По 50 у рядового и по 60 в обозе. По 3000 патронов на "Максим".

Цитата

Volley-firing was carried out with precision, and the Maxims fired with telling eftect on the enemy's line at ranges of 300 to 400 yards.

Цитата

Like the knights of old days, every horseman seemed to be followed by two or three squires carrying his gun and some spears, and, where the horsemen were banded together, they were usually followed by similar parties of footmen.

Цитата

... the Nupe army could be seen extend- ing in their thousands along the top of a low undulation in front, looking at a distance in their white dresses like flocks of sheep grazing on the green grass, whilst away to the flanks bodies of horsemen could be seen trotting about, conspicuous in their flowing garments.

Цитата

Emirs and chiefs in their brilliant robes trotted about at the head of their troops of horsemen, and bands of footmen armed with guns and spears, and the air resounded with the drumming and blowing of horns and roar of the dense multitude ready to give us battle.

Цитата

The moment the retirement commenced, a great shout went up from the multitude, who proceeded to cross the watercourse and rush up the ridge after us. It was a most difficult operation in the face of a bold and determined enemy, and admirably conducted by Major Arnold. The slightest mistake or panic and the little column was lost, as every white man knew; and the greatest praise must be given to the black soldiers, who behaved splendidly, kept quite cool, and obeyed their officers' commands. It must be remembered that they had never had to face cavalry before, the moral effect of which, even on white troops, is very great, as recognised by all European armies

 

Об огне противника.

Цитата

... and exposed to a constant, though ill-directed, fire from the enemy's riflemen. These fortunately aimed too high, or they would have inflicted far more damage than they did, the bullets usually whizzing harmlessly over the square. There were only five casualties besides poor Thomson at present, and the danger was slight, provided that the horsemen could be prevented from breaking the square, which they could have done so easily if they had only possessed the courage to face the last hundred yards which separated them from our ranks.

Цитата

It was a strange sight to see these Fulah horsemen firmly fixed in their high peaked saddles, with enormous brass and iron stirrups, as they galloped along on their long-tailed ponies, covered with gay trappings, waving their swords or spears in the air, with their white robes flying in the wind, accompanied at the same time by the clamour of their small drums and the deep-bassed horns which were encouraging them to the attack. Very often an enormous straw hat surmounted the turban, which was wound round their heads, or was allowed to fall back and hang over the shoulder, whilst many of their leaders were very well dressed, and wore flat-heeled riding-boots of red leather, which are excellently made in this country. Some of them showed reckless audacity in galloping up, brandishing their swords, to within 100 yards of the square, and at times they were even nearer to the rear face than this, rushing up over every fold of the ground; and their faces could be plainly distinguished, some of the officers even using their revolvers.

Цитата

On our approach, our adversaries commenced their old tactics of sending large masses of horsemen round our flanks to surround us and harass the rear, but they were checkmated by our combined movement in square, which was most successfully carried out. The fighting from this point was, in fact, a mere repetition of that of the previous day, and would be tedious to describe in detail.

Цитата

Most of the firing, therefore, was done by volleys, at distances of under 400 yards, and by the Maxims.

 

P.S.

Цитата

I noticed several traps for hippo formed by upright poles supporting a weighted spear point which was arranged so as to drop on the animal when he passed underneath. The spear point was of course poisoned.

 

Цитата

The Nandi tribe, who resemble the Masai so much, have been always more than a match for them, and the Masai have never dared to raid into their country, preferring probably a less warlike and more defenceless enemy.

Цитата

On arriving at their destination, they collect together at nightfall for the attack, and in the early morn fall on their enemies, killing man, woman, and child; stabbing right and left with their long sharp spears.

 

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Иллюстрации Ричарда Вудвила. Конные сомалийцы конца 19 и начала 20 века. Занятно сочетание сложных и строгих мундштучных удил с самопальными кожаными (?) стременами. Вооружение у конных - ровно такое, что и у пеших. Хотя к точности есть вопросы - тут щиты с двумя петляки, которыми они и крепятся к руке. А во всех попадавшихся описаниях указана одна центральная рукоять и кулачный хват.

Richard_Caton_II_Woodville_-_The_Mad_Mul

Richard_Caton_II_Woodville_-_The_Forthco

Richard_Caton_Woodville_junior_-_The_Ris

 

The English Illustrated Magazine. Vol. IV. 1895-6 Тут

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Johannes Nicolaisen. Ecology and Culture of the Pastoral Tuareg: With Particular Reference to the Tuareg of Ahaggar and Ayr. 1963 Тут

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B. A. Lewis. Deim el Arab and the Beja Stevedores of Port Sudan // Sudan Notes and Records. Vol. 43 (1962)

Цитата

The remains of an age-set system is still be to found amongst them. The young men progress through the stages of datalo hunkul, or junior warriors, and shikina hunkul, senior warriors, to the married men's grade, otak ("a wholeman with a family" as one informant put it), and finally becomes hadab (elders) who are supposed to speak in proverbs and settle the affairs of the tribe, as the Beja say. The young men are expected to be always in trouble, chasing women, fighting and quarrelling amongst themselves; their behaviour as young bloods always brings a smile to the face of a Beja when it is discussed ... The Beja's prowess with their traditional weapons, the straight sword (bersham), curved dagger (khanjar) and round shield (gubeb) ... The Beja swordis mainly used by the married men. During boyhood there is so much stick-fightingas a practice for swordmanship that the Beja are very adept in the art. Much of this stick fightingis conventional, each striking and parryingin turn. They also practise throwing stones and parrying them with little shields in the long hours they are out herdingthe goats

 

Paul A. A history of the Beja Tribes of the Sudan. 1971

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Если правильно понимаю - под "южными" подразумеваются Бени Амер.

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Intelligence Report, Egypt

1896 год.

Sudan Intelligence report no. 48 - 22 May - 21 June 1896

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Конница - в массе из баггара. Но большая часть пеших копьеносцев - также баггара.

 

Intelligence Report, Egypt No. 49 - 22 June - 18 August, supplementary to 27 August 1896

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Sudan Intelligence report no. 60. 25 May - 31 December 1898

Дружественные арабы перед Омдурманом.

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Можно отметить, что пропуски тут зачастую не "ноль", а "не считали". У джаалин 1 сентября отмечен ноль мечей, хотя 27 и 28 августа их было 30. У гимааб 28 августа не проставлено количество ружей, а 27 августа и 1 сентября их 200 штук. Аналогично у савараб - в отчете за 28 августа ружей нет, за 27 августа и 1 сентября - есть.

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В части сбора англичанами данных после Омдурмана.

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Войска Калифы перед Омдурманом.

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Дальше там идет длинная и подробная роспись.

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Relazione della religione et stato del re d'Etiopia, detto il prete Gianni, con un discorso a papa Gregorio XIII ... // La Seconda Parte del Thesoro politico. Milano. 1601 Тут

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B. J. K. Anderson. Narrative of a Journey to Musarda, the Capital of the Western Mandigoes. 1870 Тут

Если не путаю - гвинейские мандинка.

Цитата

On Monday, the 14th of December, 1868, the King Vomfeedolla held a military demonstration. He had summoned his infantry and cavalry from the nearest towns of Billelah, Yokkadu, Naalah, and Mahommadu. The exercises commenced about two o'clock P.M., in the large square of the town. The spectators and musicians had already assembled. All at once a trooper dashed past at full speed, as if he was reconnoitring the enemy. Several others followed, dispersing in different directions. The position of the enemy seeming to be determined, they soon returned. The trumpet then sounded, and a grand cavalry charge took place. Riding up in line, with musket in hand, they would deliver their fire, and canter off to the right and left, in order to allow the rear lines to do the same. As soon as the firing was over, they slung their muskets, and, rising in the saddle, drew their long knives in one hand and their crooked swords in the other; the horse, now urged to a headlong gallop by the voice, carries his rider, standing in the stirrups, with furious velocity into the heat of the battle. Such are the evolutions of the Mandingo cavalry. Their equipment is quite complete. They use saddles and bridles, and a peculiar and powerful bit; short stirrups; leather leggings, to which iron spurs are attached. The cavalry from all the towns, according to various reports, ought to amount to fifteen hundred.

In their open country, where the action of cavalry is greatly facilitated by the long, gentle slopes, and wide, treeless plains, they would be no mean enemy. They often dismount, in order to act on foot. Each horse has a boy attendant to take care of him while his master is thus engaged. In real action, I have  been informed, the little boys of the defeated party often suffer the penalty of their participation. Yet these dangers do not deter the little fellows from going; for they are frequently able to ride off the field as soon as any symptoms of defeat are perceived.

The king seems to act for the most part with the infantry, for he rode in front and led them on. They came in deep array, and with great clamor, but without organization, being directed solely by a flag or ensign of blue cloth. I was sorry that I had no flag of ours to present them.

After their exercises were over, they requested us to fire our muskets; upon which we delivered regular volleys with bayonets fixed, both to their astonishment and delight, caused by the quickness with which we loaded our pieces, our certainty of fire - unlike their fusees, which were continually snapping - and the deeper report of our guns. As soon as all the exercises were finished, the king then distributed the presents I had given him to the chiefs of the several military divisions.

 

Марокко. An Account of the Empire of Marocco, and the Districts of Suse and Tafifelt. 1809

Цитата

... their exercise of cavalry consists in what they call El Harka, which is running full speed, about a quarter of a mile or less, till they come to a wall, when the rider fires his musquet, and stops his horse short, turning him at the same time ; this amusement, of which they are ridicoulously fond, they continue several hours, wasting much powder to little purpose, as they do not improve in the direction of their piece, having no ball with the charge, nor mark to fire at; their pieces have nothing in them but gunpowder rammed down, for if they had wadding, many accidents would happen from their discharging them close to one anothers faces. Ten or twenty horsemen suddenly dart off at full speed, one half turning to the right, and the other half to the left, after firing, so as not to interfere with each other.

 

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Barbara Frank. Zur Bedeutung des Pferdes bei den Ron oder Challa (Plateau-Staat, Nigeria) // Tribus, № 30. 1981 Тут

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Meek C.K. The Northern Tribes of Nigeria. 1925 Тут

Шпоры. Тут. Чуть выше - несколько фото конных воинов, но качество скана плохое.

Цитата

The horseman’s legs were protected with leather flaps. Iron greaves, with raised prongs as stirrups, were used by the Berom and Sura. Spurs are sometimes used independently of the greaves, and two varieties were noted. (1) The spur may be three iron prongs protruding from a circular iron leglet; or (2) it may take the form of nail-like pieces of iron, stuck at right angles into a piece of flattened wood, which is bound with fibre round the leg above the ankle, a tuft of grass being inserted between the wood and the skin to prevent rubbing (Kuru-Berom).

Последнее похоже на некоторые типы античных шпор.

John K. Anderson. New Evidence on the Origin of the Spur // Antike Kunst 21: 46–48. 1978

 

Цитата

The fight was begun by the beating of drums (Ankwe), and the first attack was made by the bowmen. The Ningi bowmen advanced under cover of a swordsman’s shield. If the tribe possessed cavalry the horsemen waited for an opportunity to break into the fight and use their throwing-spears. Throwing-clubs were used at fifty yards. The chief of the tribe took no part in the fight, the direction of which was in the hands of a captain specially appointed for the occasion.

Цитата

With a few exceptions (e,g. Mumuye) all the tribes poison their arrows, using the juice of various plants, snake-poison, or decayed animal matter. ... Antidotes are known and are usually provided, together with the poison, in case the purchaser’s family or friends were accidentally scratched with the poisoned weapon. ... It remains to add that bowmen generally use an iron or wooden ring on the right thumb to make easy the drawing back of the string. Over the back of his left hand he wears a pad to protect the hand from the twang of the bowstring.

Цитата

Spears are par excellence the weapon of Africa. In Nigeria they co-exist with the bow, being the weapon of horsemen, while the bow is that of the foot-soldier. Some tribes, however, such as the Shuwa and Kanuri, use the spear exclusively; while others, like the Igbira, Kamuku, Kupa, Gongla, Mumbake, Paiemawa, Ngwoi, Gupa, Gana-Gana, Bura, Hina, and Vere, use the bow exclusively. There are various enclaves in Africa where the bow is the exclusive weapon, so that no ethnological conclusions can be based on the fact that the spear is not used.

Цитата

Both types of spear can be used by a single warrior. Thus the Kanembu horsemen carried a thrusting and two, three, or four throwing-spears as well. The thrusting spear of the Fulani and Hausa is usually about six and a half feet long, and made entirely of metal. The butt-end, shaped like an axe-head, is rested in the stirrup. The head is eight inches long, and is barbed. The shaft is often inlaid with brass, and may have a brass knob twothirds of the way down to balance the weight of the head. I have seen Ningi spears eight feet long, with a blade two and a half feet long, and three inches broad at the centre. The Hausa spear closely resembles that of the Somali.

Отмечено, что длинные тяжелые мечи особой военной роли не играют. 

Цитата

The Ayu and Kagoma are said to have wooden swords, but I have no particulars of these weapons.

Цитата

Each spearman generally carried two or three throwing-clubs, which he used in the attack or for knocking out prisoners who attempted to escape. Some tribes, such as the Jarawa, only used the throwing-club for hunting game.

Цитата

Among weapons of defence we shall consider first the various types of shields—a study which has contributed to the framing of a great many ethnological theories. Some tribes, such as the Kamuku, Ngwoi, Gana-Gana, Kugama, Kona, Borgawa, Dakakan, Irigwe, Teria, and Zul, do not use shields at all; while others, like the Basa, have only adopted them within the last hundred years. But the majority of tribes employ shields of various shapes and material.

Цитата

The shield was three feet in diameter, but the bowman’s shield is usually much smaller, while that employed by spearmen is much larger. A large Nupe shield could cover five or six men. Hausa and Fulani cavalry used rectangular hide shields five feet high. 

Цитата

Some of the pagan tribes also wore helmets in war. The Berom helmet is made of palmfibre, with a covering of Hibiscus fibre. It is usually smeared with oil, adorned with pieces of brass, and surmounted with plumes of goat’s hair, a strip of which was carried down underneath the chin.

Цитата

Only two instances of the use of parrying sticks came to my notice, viz. among the Semi-Bantu Ngwoi and Pongo. The stick takes the form of a bamboo with roan’s horn attached, and appears to resemble that used by some Indian tribes.

 

Robin Law. The horse in West African history. Тут

Цитата

At any rate, the superiority of the Plateau cavalry on their own ground was demonstrated when Yakubu, the Emir of Bauchi (1805–45), attempted an invasion of the Jos Plateau and found his forces opposed by the cavalry of the Sura people. The resulting campaign, as recorded in Sura tradition, is of great interest: although evidently not the only or the earliest confrontation between the two cavalry traditions of West Africa, it is apparently the only one of which any sort of detailed account survives. The Bauchi forces, we are told, 'were accustomed to meet with serried masses of pagans on foot, whom their mounted men charged, and threw into confusion, and the rest was easy'. But on this occasion, 'they were attacked on every side by mobile troops of light horse, who rode down upon them apparently without any preconcerted plan'. The Sura cavalry hurled their spears, fought with long knives if they came to close quarters, and then 'just as quickly they wheeled off, and made for cover, only to repeat the same tactics at another point'. The Bauchi forces, in unfamiliar country, proved quite incapable of dealing with these tactics, and were obliged to withdraw defeated. This, however, was evidently an exceptional victory for the pre-Islamic cavalry tradition. In the lowlands, and in open battle, the new tactics were normally decisively superior.

 

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      - Elizabeth Arkush and Charles Stanish. Interpreting Conflict in the Ancient Andes: Implications for the Archaeology of Warfare.
      - Elizabeth Arkush. War, Chronology, and Causality in the Titicaca Basin.
      - R.B. Ferguson. Blood of the Leviathan: Western Contact and Warfare in Amazonia.
      - J. Lizot. Population, Resources and Warfare Among the Yanomami.
      - Bruce Albert. On Yanomami Warfare: Rejoinder.
      - R. Brian Ferguson. Game Wars? Ecology and Conflict in Amazonia. 
      - R. Brian Ferguson. Ecological Consequences of Amazonian Warfare.
      - Marvin Harris. Animal Capture and Yanomamo Warfare: Retrospect and New Evidence.
       
       
      - Lydia T. Black. Warriors of Kodiak: Military Traditions of Kodiak Islanders.
      - Herbert D. G. Maschner and Katherine L. Reedy-Maschner. Raid, Retreat, Defend (Repeat): The Archaeology and Ethnohistory of Warfare on the North Pacific Rim.
      - Bruce Graham Trigger. Trade and Tribal Warfare on the St. Lawrence in the Sixteenth Century.
      - T. M. Hamilton. The Eskimo Bow and the Asiatic Composite.
      - Owen K. Mason. The Contest between the Ipiutak, Old Bering Sea, and Birnirk Polities and the Origin of Whaling during the First Millennium A.D. along Bering Strait.
      - Caroline Funk. The Bow and Arrow War Days on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta of Alaska.
      - Herbert Maschner, Owen K Mason. The Bow and Arrow in Northern North America. 
      - Nathan S. Lowrey. An Ethnoarchaeological Inquiry into the Functional Relationship between Projectile Point and Armor Technologies of the Northwest Coast.
      - F. A. Golder. Primitive Warfare among the Natives of Western Alaska. 
      - Donald Mitchell. Predatory Warfare, Social Status, and the North Pacific Slave Trade. 
      - H. Kory Cooper and Gabriel J. Bowen. Metal Armor from St. Lawrence Island. 
      - Katherine L. Reedy-Maschner and Herbert D. G. Maschner. Marauding Middlemen: Western Expansion and Violent Conflict in the Subarctic.
      - Madonna L. Moss and Jon M. Erlandson. Forts, Refuge Rocks, and Defensive Sites: The Antiquity of Warfare along the North Pacific Coast of North America.
      - Owen K. Mason. Flight from the Bering Strait: Did Siberian Punuk/Thule Military Cadres Conquer Northwest Alaska?
      - Joan B. Townsend. Firearms against Native Arms: A Study in Comparative Efficiencies with an Alaskan Example. 
      - Jerry Melbye and Scott I. Fairgrieve. A Massacre and Possible Cannibalism in the Canadian Arctic: New Evidence from the Saunaktuk Site (NgTn-1).
      - McClelland A.V. The Evolution of Tlingit Daggers // Sharing Our Knowledge. The Tlingit and Their Coastal Neighbors. 2015
       
       
      - Фрэнк Секой. Военные навыки индейцев Великих Равнин.
      - Hoig, Stan. Tribal Wars of the Southern Plains.
      - D. E. Worcester. Spanish Horses among the Plains Tribes.
      - Daniel J. Gelo and Lawrence T. Jones III. Photographic Evidence for Southern Plains Armor.
      - Heinz W. Pyszczyk. Historic Period Metal Projectile Points and Arrows, Alberta, Canada: A Theory for Aboriginal Arrow Design on the Great Plains.
      - Waldo R. Wedel. Chain mail in plains archeology.
      - Mavis Greer and John Greer. Armored Horses in Northwestern Plains Rock Art.
      - James D. Keyser, Mavis Greer and John Greer. Arminto Petroglyphs: Rock Art Damage Assessment and Management Considerations in Central Wyoming.
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      - Thomas Frank Schilz and Donald E. Worcester. The Spread of Firearms among the Indian Tribes on the Northern Frontier of New Spain.
      - Стукалин Ю. Военное дело индейцев Дикого Запада. Энциклопедия.
      - James D. Keyser and Michael A. Klassen. Plains Indian rock art.
       
       
      - D. Bruce Dickson. The Yanomamo of the Mississippi Valley? Some Reflections on Larson (1972), Gibson (1974), and Mississippian Period Warfare in the Southeastern United States.
      - Steve A. Tomka. The Adoption of the Bow and Arrow: A Model Based on Experimental Performance Characteristics.
      - Wayne William Van Horne. The Warclub: Weapon and symbol in Southeastern Indian Societies.
      - Hutchings, W. Karl and Lorenz W. Brucher. Spearthrower performance: ethnographic and  experimental research.
      - Douglas J Kennett , Patricia M Lambert, John R Johnson, Brendan J Culleton. Sociopolitical Effects of Bow and Arrow Technology in Prehistoric Coastal California.
      - The Ethics of Anthropology and Amerindian Research Reporting on Environmental Degradation and Warfare. Editors Richard J. Chacon, Rubén G. Mendoza.
      - Walter Hough. Primitive American Armor. Тут, тут и тут.
      - George R. Milner. Nineteenth-Century Arrow Wounds and Perceptions of Prehistoric Warfare.
      - Patricia M. Lambert. The Archaeology of War: A North American Perspective.
      - David E. Jonesэ Native North American Armor, Shields, and Fortifications.
      - Laubin, Reginald. Laubin, Gladys. American Indian Archery.
      - Karl T. Steinen. Ambushes, Raids, and Palisades: Mississippian Warfare in the Interior Southeast.
      - Jon L. Gibson. Aboriginal Warfare in the Protohistoric Southeast: An Alternative Perspective. 
      - Barbara A. Purdy. Weapons, Strategies, and Tactics of the Europeans and the Indians in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Florida.
      - Charles Hudson. A Spanish-Coosa Alliance in Sixteenth-Century North Georgia.
      - Keith F. Otterbein. Why the Iroquois Won: An Analysis of Iroquois Military Tactics.
      - George R. Milner. Warfare in Prehistoric and Early Historic Eastern North America // Journal of Archaeological Research, Vol. 7, No. 2 (June 1999), pp. 105-151
      - George R. Milner, Eve Anderson and Virginia G. Smith. Warfare in Late Prehistoric West-Central Illinois // American Antiquity. Vol. 56, No. 4 (Oct., 1991), pp. 581-603
      - Daniel K. Richter. War and Culture: The Iroquois Experience. 
      - Jeffrey P. Blick. The Iroquois practice of genocidal warfare (1534‐1787).
      - Michael S. Nassaney and Kendra Pyle. The Adoption of the Bow and Arrow in Eastern North America: A View from Central Arkansas.
      - J. Ned Woodall. Mississippian Expansion on the Eastern Frontier: One Strategy in the North Carolina Piedmont.
      - Roger Carpenter. Making War More Lethal: Iroquois vs. Huron in the Great Lakes Region, 1609 to 1650.
      - Craig S. Keener. An Ethnohistorical Analysis of Iroquois Assault Tactics Used against Fortified Settlements of the Northeast in the Seventeenth Century.
      - Leroy V. Eid. A Kind of : Running Fight: Indian Battlefield Tactics in the Late Eighteenth Century.
      - Keith F. Otterbein. Huron vs. Iroquois: A Case Study in Inter-Tribal Warfare.
      - Jennifer Birch. Coalescence and Conflict in Iroquoian Ontario // Archaeological Review from Cambridge - 25.1 - 2010
      - William J. Hunt, Jr. Ethnicity and Firearms in the Upper Missouri Bison-Robe Trade: An Examination of Weapon Preference and Utilization at Fort Union Trading Post N.H.S., North Dakota.
      - Patrick M. Malone. Changing Military Technology Among the Indians of Southern New England, 1600-1677.
      - David H. Dye. War Paths, Peace Paths An Archaeology of Cooperation and Conflict in Native Eastern North America.
      - Wayne Van Horne. Warfare in Mississippian Chiefdoms.
      - Wayne E. Lee. The Military Revolution of Native North America: Firearms, Forts, and Polities // Empires and indigenes: intercultural alliance, imperial expansion, and warfare in the early modern world. Edited by Wayne E. Lee. 2011
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      - Wayne E. Lee. Peace Chiefs and Blood Revenge: Patterns of Restraint in Native American Warfare, 1500-1800 // The Journal of Military History. Vol. 71, No. 3 (Jul., 2007), pp. 701-741
       
      - Weapons, Weaponry and Man: In Memoriam Vytautas Kazakevičius (Archaeologia Baltica, Vol. 8). 2007
      - The Horse and Man in European Antiquity: Worldview, Burial Rites, and Military and Everyday Life (Archaeologia Baltica, Vol. 11). 2009
      - The Taking and Displaying of Human Body Parts as Trophies by Amerindians. 2007
      - The Ethics of Anthropology and Amerindian Research. Reporting on Environmental Degradation and Warfare. 2012
      - Empires and Indigenes: Intercultural Alliance, Imperial Expansion, and Warfare in the Early Modern World. 2011
      - A. Gat. War in Human Civilization.
      - Keith F. Otterbein. Killing of Captured Enemies: A Cross‐cultural Study.
      - Azar Gat. The Causes and Origins of "Primitive Warfare": Reply to Ferguson.
      - Azar Gat. The Pattern of Fighting in Simple, Small-Scale, Prestate Societies.
      - Lawrence H. Keeley. War Before Civilization: the Myth of the Peaceful Savage.
      - Keith F. Otterbein. Warfare and Its Relationship to the Origins of Agriculture.
      - Jonathan Haas. Warfare and the Evolution of Culture.
      - М. Дэйви. Эволюция войн.
      - War in the Tribal Zone. Expanding States and Indigenous Warfare. Edited by R. Brian Ferguson and Neil L. Whitehead.
      - The Ending of Tribal Wars: Configurations and Processes of Pacification. 2021 Тут
      - I.J.N. Thorpe. Anthropology, Archaeology, and the Origin of Warfare.
      - Антропология насилия. Новосибирск. 2010.
      - Jean Guilaine and Jean Zammit. The origins of war: violence in prehistory. 2005. Французское издание было в 2001 году - le Sentier de la Guerre: Visages de la violence préhistorique.
      - Warfare in Bronze Age Society. 2018
      - Ian Armit. Headhunting and the Body in Iron Age Europe. 2012
      - The Cambridge World History of Violence. Vol. I-IV. 2020

    • Мусульманские армии Средних веков
      Автор: hoplit
      Maged S. A. Mikhail. Notes on the "Ahl al-Dīwān": The Arab-Egyptian Army of the Seventh through the Ninth Centuries C.E. // Journal of the American Oriental Society,  Vol. 128, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 2008), pp. 273-284
      David Ayalon. Studies on the Structure of the Mamluk Army // Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
      David Ayalon. Aspects of the Mamlūk Phenomenon // Journal of the History and Culture of the Middle East
      Bethany J. Walker. Militarization to Nomadization: The Middle and Late Islamic Periods // Near Eastern Archaeology,  Vol. 62, No. 4 (Dec., 1999), pp. 202-232
      David Ayalon. The Mamlūks of the Seljuks: Islam's Military Might at the Crossroads //  Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, Vol. 6, No. 3 (Nov., 1996), pp. 305-333
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      R. Stephen Humphreys. The Emergence of the Mamluk Army //  Studia Islamica,  No. 45 (1977), pp. 67-99
      R. Stephen Humphreys. The Emergence of the Mamluk Army (Conclusion) // Studia Islamica,  No. 46 (1977), pp. 147-182
      Nicolle, D. The military technology of classical Islam. PhD Doctor of Philosophy. University of Edinburgh. 1982
      Nicolle D. Fighting for the Faith: the many fronts of Crusade and Jihad, 1000-1500 AD. 2007
      Nicolle David. Cresting on Arrows from the Citadel of Damascus // Bulletin d’études orientales, 2017/1 (n° 65), p. 247-286.
      David Nicolle. The Zangid bridge of Ǧazīrat ibn ʿUmar (ʿAyn Dīwār/Cizre): a New Look at the carved panel of an armoured horseman // Bulletin d’études orientales, LXII. 2014
      David Nicolle. The Iconography of a Military Elite: Military Figures on an Early Thirteenth-Century Candlestick. В трех частях. 2014-19
      Nicolle, D. The impact of the European couched lance on Muslim military tradition // Warriors and their weapons around the time of the crusades: relationships between Byzantium, the West, and the Islamic world. 2002
      Patricia Crone. The ‘Abbāsid Abnā’ and Sāsānid Cavalrymen // Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 8 (1998)
      D.G. Tor. The Mamluks in the military of the pre-Seljuq Persianate dynasties // Iran,  Vol. 46 (2008), pp. 213-225 (!)
      D.G. Tor. Mamlūk Loyalty: Evidence from the Late Saljūq Period // Asiatische Studien 65,3. (2011)
      J. W. Jandora. Developments in Islamic Warfare: The Early Conquests // Studia Islamica,  No. 64 (1986), pp. 101-113
      John W. Jandora. The Battle of the Yarmuk: A Reconstruction // Journal of Asian History, 19 (1): 8–21. 1985
      Khalil ʿAthamina. Non-Arab Regiments and Private Militias during the Umayyād Period // Arabica, T. 45, Fasc. 3 (1998), pp. 347-378
      B.J. Beshir. Fatimid Military Organization // Der Islam. Volume 55, Issue 1, Pages 37–56
      Andrew C. S. Peacock. Nomadic Society and the Seljūq Campaigns in Caucasia // Iran & the Caucasus,  Vol. 9, No. 2 (2005), pp. 205-230
      Jere L. Bacharach. African Military Slaves in the Medieval Middle East: The Cases of Iraq (869-955) and Egypt (868-1171) //  International Journal of Middle East Studies,  Vol. 13, No. 4 (Nov., 1981), pp. 471-495
      Deborah Tor. Privatized Jihad and public order in the pre-Seljuq period: The role of the Mutatawwi‘a // Iranian Studies, 38:4, 555-573
      Гуринов Е.А. , Нечитайлов М.В. Фатимидская армия в крестовых походах 1096 - 1171 гг. // "Воин" (Новый) №10. 2010. Сс. 9-19
      Нечитайлов М.В. Мусульманское завоевание Испании. Армии мусульман // Крылов С.В., Нечитайлов М.В. Мусульманское завоевание Испании. Saarbrücken: LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2015.
      Нечитайлов М.В., Гуринов Е.А. Армия Саладина (1171-1193 гг.) (1) // Воин № 15. 2011. Сс. 13-25. И часть два.
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      Нечитайлов М.В., Шестаков Е.В. Андалусские армии: от Амиридов до Альморавидов (1009-1090 гг.) (1) // Воин №12. 2010. 
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      Kennedy, H.N. The Financing of the Military in the Early Islamic State // The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East. Vol. III, ed. A. Cameron (Princeton, Darwin 1995), pp. 361–78.
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      David Neustadt. The Plague and Its Effects upon the Mamlûk Army // The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. No. 1 (Apr., 1946), pp. 67-73
      Ulrich Haarmann. The Sons of Mamluks as Fief-holders in Late Medieval Egypt // Land tenure and social transformation in the Middle East. 1984
      H. Rabie. The Size and Value of the Iqta in Egypt 564-741 A.H./l 169-1341 A.D. // Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East: from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day. 1970
      Yaacov Lev. Infantry in Muslim armies during the Crusades // Logistics of warfare in the Age of the Crusades. 2002. Pp. 185-208
      Yaacov Lev. Army, Regime, and Society in Fatimid Egypt, 358-487/968-1094 // International Journal of Middle East Studies. Vol. 19, No. 3 (Aug., 1987), pp. 337-365
      E. Landau-Tasseron. Features of the Pre-Conquest Muslim Army in the Time of Mu ̨ammad // The Byzantine and Early Islamic near East. Vol. III: States, Resources and Armies. 1995. Pp. 299-336
      Shihad al-Sarraf. Mamluk Furusiyah Literature and its Antecedents // Mamluk Studies Review. vol. 8/4 (2004): 141–200.
      Rabei G. Khamisy Baybarsʼ Strategy of War against the Franks // Journal of Medieval Military History. Volume XVI. 2018
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      Amitai, Reuven. Foot Soldiers, Militiamen and Volunteers in the Early Mamluk Army // Texts, Documents and Artifacts: Islamic Studies in Honour of D.S. Richards. Leiden: Brill, 2003
      Reuven Amitai. The Resolution of the Mongol-Mamluk War // Mongols, Turks, and others : Eurasian nomads and the sedentary world. 2005
      Juergen Paul. The State and the military: the Samanid case // Papers on hater Asia, 26. 1994
      Harold W. Glidden. A Note on Early Arabian Military Organization // Journal of the American Oriental Society,  Vol. 56, No. 1 (Mar., 1936)
      Athamina, Khalil. Some administrative, military and socio-political aspects of early Muslim Egypt // War and society in the eastern Mediterranean, 7th-15th centuries. 1997
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      Kennedy, Hugh. The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State Warfare and History. 2001
      Blankinship, Khalid Yahya. The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn Àbd Al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads. 1994.
      D.G. Tor. Violent Order: Religious Warfare, Chivalry, and the 'Ayyar Phenomenon in the Medieval Islamic World. 2007
      Michael Bonner. Aristocratic Violence and Holy War. Studies in the Jihad and the Arab-Byzantine Frontier. 1996
      Patricia Crone. Slaves on Horses. The Evolution of the Islamic Polity. 1980
      Hamblin W. J. The Fatimid Army During the Early Crusades. 1985
      Daniel Pipes. Slave Soldiers and Islam: The Genesis of a Military System. 1981
      Yaacov Lev. State and society in Fatimid Egypt. 1991 Тут
      Abbès Zouache. Armées et combats en Syrie de 491/ 1098 à 569/ 1174 : analyse comparée des chroniques médiévales latines et arabes. 2008 Тут
      War, technology and society in the Middle East. 1975 Тут
       
      P.S. Большую часть работ Николя в список вносить не стал - его и так все знают. Пишет хорошо, читать все. Часто пространные главы про армиям мусульманского Леванта есть в литературе по Крестовым походам. Хоть в R.C. Smail. Crusading Warfare 1097-1193, хоть в Steven Tibble. The Crusader Armies: 1099-1187 (!)...
    • Военная мысль конца 19 - начала 20 века.
      Автор: hoplit
      Военная мысль конца 19 - начала 20 века. 
      Статьи. Пехота.
      - Chad R. Gaudet. Baptisms of Fire: How Training, Equipment, and Ideas about the Nation Shaped the British, French, and German Soldiers' Experiences of War in 1914.. 2009.
      - Joseph C. Arnold. French Tactical Doctrine 1870-1914 // Military Affairs,  Vol. 42, No. 2 (Apr., 1978), pp. 61-67.
      - Steven Jackman. Shoulder to Shoulder: Close Control and “Old Prussian Drill” in German Offensive Infantry Tactics, 1871–1914 // The Journal of Military History, Volume 68, Number 1, January 2004, pp. 73-104.
      - Jonathan M. House. The Decisive Attack: A New Look at French Infantry Tactics on the Eve of World War I // Military Affairs,  Vol. 40, No. 4 (Dec., 1976), pp. 164-169.
      - Geoffrey Wawro. An "Army of Pigs": The Technical, Social, and Political Bases of Austrian Shock Tactics, 1859-
      1866 // The Journal of Military History,  Vol. 59, No. 3 (Jul., 1995), pp. 407-433.
      - T. H. E. Travers. The Offensive and the Problem of Innovation in British Military Thought 1870-1915 //  Journal of Contemporary History,  Vol. 13, No. 3 (Jul., 1978), pp. 531-553.
      - Spencer Jones, The Influence of the Boer War (1899–1902) on the Tactical Development of the Regular British Army 1902–1914. 2009.
      - John K. Mahon. Civil War Infantry Assault Tactics // Military Affairs,  Vol. 25, No. 2, Civil War Issue (Summer, 1961), pp. 57-68.
      - Thomas A. Bruno. Ignoring the Obvious: Combined Arms and Fire and Maneuver Tactics Prior to World War I. 2002.
      - О.Р. Кушнир. «Гуманные убийцы» (О взглядах начала XX века на поражающую способность винтовочных пуль) // Война и оружие. 2014.  Сс. 503-517.